A threat based approach to computational offloading for collaborative cruise control

The interaction between discrete components of Internet of Things (IoT) and Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is vital for a collaborative system. The secure and reliable use of Cruise Control (CC) with Cloud and Edge Cloud to achieve complete autonomy for a vehicle is a key component and a major challenge for ITS. This research unravels the complications that arise when Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) is incorporated into a collaborative environment. It mainly answers the question of where to securely compute Collaborative Cruise Control’s (CCC) data in a connected environment. To address this, the paper initially reviews previous research in the domain of Vehicular Cloud, ITS architecture, related threat modelling approaches, and secure implementations of ACC. An overview application model for CCC is developed for performing a threat analysis with the purpose of investigating the reasons why a vehicle suffers collision. Through the use of interviews, the research analyses and suggests the location of computational data by creating a taxonomy between the Edge Cloud, Cloud and the On-board Unit (OBU) while validating the model

Beyond 5G Networks: Integration of Communication, Computing, Caching, and Control

In recent years, the exponential proliferation of smart devices with their intelligent applications poses severe challenges on conventional cellular networks. Such challenges can be potentially overcome by integrating communication, computing, caching, and control (i4C) technologies. In this survey, we first give a snapshot of different aspects of the i4C, comprising background, motivation, leading technological enablers, potential applications, and use cases. Next, we describe different models of communication, computing, caching, and control (4C) to lay the foundation of the integration approach. We review current state-of-the-art research efforts related to the i4C, focusing on recent trends of both conventional and artificial intelligence (AI)-based integration approaches. We also highlight the need for intelligence in resources integration. Then, we discuss integration of sensing and communication (ISAC) and classify the integration approaches into various classes. Finally, we propose open challenges and present future research directions for beyond 5G networks, such as 6G.Comment: This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of China Communications Journal in IEEE Xplor

Supervising the giants of the seas

Rolls-Royce has embarked on a journey to develop unmanned surface vessels (USV) which will eventually revolutionize the way in which cargo will be transported worldwide. The USVs, while slower, will make up for the lack of speed with a reduction in crew-related costs. Additionally, being slower, they produce fewer emissions and require less fuel. This thesis will be exploring a way in which multiple USVs can be supervised from a centralized location. A shipping company or any other instance that owns and operates a fleet of USVs in the future will need tools to keep the fleet under surveillance and control. This thesis does not go to explore the possible ways, in which the USVs can be remotely controlled. A key factor that was identified during this thesis, was the portrayal of the situational awareness and status of multiple unmanned vessels. The goal of this thesis was to develop a user interface that would enable the remote operators to follow the fleet and address the situations where the automation cannot act on its own. For this thesis, teachers of maritime navigation and flight control were interviewed together with technical experts and people who are working on building the system that will allow the USVs to be remotely operated and supervised. This thesis aims to open up the field for the designing of a true centralized supervisory system user interface for unmanned surface vessels and to recognize some key of the possible key features.Rolls-Royce on matkalla, jonka tuloksena pyritään luomaan miehittämättömiä aluksia. Nuo miehittämättömät alukset tulevat mullistamaan tavan, jolla kuljetukset hoidetaan maailmanlaajuisesti. Vaikka miehittämättömät alukset kulkevat hitaammin, korvaavat ne nopeuden puutteen olemattomilla miehistökustannuksilla. Hitaampi vauhti takaa myös pienemmät päästöt. Tämä opinnäytetyö etsii tapaa, jolla useampia miehittämättömiä aluksia pystytään valvomaan keskitetysti ja yhdestä paikasta. Kuljetusyhtiö, tai mikä muu tahansa taho, joka omistaa useampia miehittämättömiä aluksia tulee tarvitsemaan keinoja näiden alusten valvontaan ja hallintaan. Tämä opinnäytetyö ei tule etsimään tapoja, joilla miehittämättömiä aluksia liikutetaan etäyhteydellä. Tässä opinnäytetyössä tunnistetaan tärkeäksi tekijäksi useamman miehittämättömän aluksen tilanteen ja tilannekuvan välittäminen käyttöliittymällä. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena on luoda käyttöliittymä, jolla etäohjauskeskuksessa työskentelevät voivat seurata laivaston tilannetta ja puuttua tilanteisiin, joita automaatio ei kykene selvittämään. Tätä opinnäytetyötä varten haastateltiin merenkäynnin opettajia, lennonjohdon opettajia, ja etäohjausjärjestelmää visioivia teknisiä asiantuntijoita. Tämä opinnäytetyö pyrkii tekemään avauksen keskitetyn valvontajärjestelmän käyttöliittymän suunnitteluun miehittämättömien alusten laivastotasolla ja tunnistamaan tärkeimpiä tekijöitä suunnittelussa

Task scheduling mechanisms for fog computing: A systematic survey

In the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem, some processing is done near data production sites at higher speeds without the need for high bandwidth by combining Fog Computing (FC) and cloud computing. Fog computing offers advantages for real-time systems that require high speed internet connectivity. Due to the limited resources of fog nodes, one of the most important challenges of FC is to meet dynamic needs in real-time. Therefore, one of the issues in the fog environment is the optimal assignment of tasks to fog nodes. An efficient scheduling algorithm should reduce various qualitative parameters such as cost and energy consumption, taking into account the heterogeneity of fog nodes and the commitment to perform tasks within their deadlines. This study provides a detailed taxonomy to gain a better understanding of the research issues and distinguishes important challenges in existing work. Therefore, a systematic overview of existing task scheduling techniques for cloud-fog environment, as well as their benefits and drawbacks, is presented in this article. Four main categories are introduced to study these techniques, including machine learning-based, heuristic-based, metaheuristic-based, and deterministic mechanisms. A number of papers are studied in each category. This survey also compares different task scheduling techniques in terms of execution time, resource utilization, delay, network bandwidth, energy consumption, execution deadline, response time, cost, uncertainty, and complexity. The outcomes revealed that 38% of the scheduling algorithms use metaheuristic-based mechanisms, 30% use heuristic-based, 23% use machine learning algorithms, and the other 9% use deterministic methods. The energy consumption is the most significant parameter addressed in most articles with a share of 19%. Finally, a number of important areas for improving the task scheduling methods in the FC in the future are presented

APPLYING COLLABORATIVE ONLINE ACTIVE LEARNING IN VEHICULAR NETWORKS FOR FUTURE CONNECTED AND AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES

The main objective of this thesis is to provide a framework for, and proof of concept of, collaborative online active learning in vehicular networks. Another objective is to advance the state of the art in simulation-based evaluation and validation of connected intelligent vehicle applications. With advancements in machine learning and artificial intelligence, connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) have begun to migrate from laboratory development and testing conditions to driving on public roads. Their deployment in our environmental landscape offers potential for decreases in road accidents and traffic congestion, as well as improved mobility in overcrowded cities. Although common driving scenarios can be relatively easily solved with classic perception, path planning, and motion control methods, the remaining unsolved scenarios are corner cases in which traditional methods fail. These unsolved cases are the keys to deploying CAVs safely on the road, but they require an enormous amount of data collection and high-quality human annotation, which are very cost-ineffective considering the ever-changing real-world scenarios and highly diverse road/weather conditions. Additionally, evaluating and testing applications for CAVs in real testbeds are extremely expensive, as obvious failures like crashes tend to be rare events and can hardly be captured through predefined test scenarios. Therefore, realistic simulation tools with the benefit of lower cost as well as generating reproducible experiment results are needed to complement the real testbeds in validating applications for CAVs. Therefore, in this thesis, we address the challenges therein and establish the fundamentals of the collaborative online active learning framework in vehicular network for future connected and autonomous vehicles.Ph.D

Towards Tactile Internet in Beyond 5G Era: Recent Advances, Current Issues and Future Directions

Tactile Internet (TI) is envisioned to create a paradigm shift from the content-oriented communications to steer/control-based communications by enabling real-time transmission of haptic information (i.e., touch, actuation, motion, vibration, surface texture) over Internet in addition to the conventional audiovisual and data traffics. This emerging TI technology, also considered as the next evolution phase of Internet of Things (IoT), is expected to create numerous opportunities for technology markets in a wide variety of applications ranging from teleoperation systems and Augmented/Virtual Reality (AR/VR) to automotive safety and eHealthcare towards addressing the complex problems of human society. However, the realization of TI over wireless media in the upcoming Fifth Generation (5G) and beyond networks creates various non-conventional communication challenges and stringent requirements in terms of ultra-low latency, ultra-high reliability, high data-rate connectivity, resource allocation, multiple access and quality-latency-rate tradeoff. To this end, this paper aims to provide a holistic view on wireless TI along with a thorough review of the existing state-of-the-art, to identify and analyze the involved technical issues, to highlight potential solutions and to propose future research directions. First, starting with the vision of TI and recent advances and a review of related survey/overview articles, we present a generalized framework for wireless TI in the Beyond 5G Era including a TI architecture, the main technical requirements, the key application areas and potential enabling technologies. Subsequently, we provide a comprehensive review of the existing TI works by broadly categorizing them into three main paradigms; namely, haptic communications, wireless AR/VR, and autonomous, intelligent and cooperative mobility systems. Next, potential enabling technologies across physical/Medium Access Control (MAC) and network layers are identified and discussed in detail. Also, security and privacy issues of TI applications are discussed along with some promising enablers. Finally, we present some open research challenges and recommend promising future research directions