2,392,156 research outputs found
A theory of human error
Human errors tend to be treated in terms of clinical and anecdotal descriptions, from which remedial measures are difficult to derive. Correction of the sources of human error requires an attempt to reconstruct underlying and contributing causes of error from the circumstantial causes cited in official investigative reports. A comprehensive analytical theory of the cause-effect relationships governing propagation of human error is indispensable to a reconstruction of the underlying and contributing causes. A validated analytical theory of the input-output behavior of human operators involving manual control, communication, supervisory, and monitoring tasks which are relevant to aviation, maritime, automotive, and process control operations is highlighted. This theory of behavior, both appropriate and inappropriate, provides an insightful basis for investigating, classifying, and quantifying the needed cause-effect relationships governing propagation of human error
A theory of cross-validation error
This paper presents a theory of error in cross-validation testing of algorithms for predicting
real-valued attributes. The theory justifies the claim that predicting real-valued
attributes requires balancing the conflicting demands of simplicity and accuracy. Furthermore,
the theory indicates precisely how these conflicting demands must be balanced, in
order to minimize cross-validation error. A general theory is presented, then it is
developed in detail for linear regression and instance-based learning
Why Queerness is not enough
Moral error theorists often claim to be strongly anti‑metaphysical
in their moral scepticism and atheistic naturalists. This paper argues that pre‑
cisely this becomes a problem for them, when their metaethical and ontologi‑
cal commitments clash. I first outline how the known arguments against error
theory face a problematic, yet rarely considered trade‑off : either they are very
strong, then they are also very demanding in their assumptions or they are less
demanding in their assumptions but rather weak in their conclusions. In re‑
sponse to this challenge I then develop a new argument against error theory
that exploits an overlooked inconsistency in the error theorists’ standard line
of argumentation. I conclude that the implications of this inconsistency are less
of a problem for fictionalist error theorists, but will render any eliminativism
based on error theory circular
A flexible error estimate for the application of centre manifold theory
In applications of centre manifold theory we need more flexible error estimates than that provided by, for example, the Approximation Theorem 3 by Carr [4, 6]. Here we extend the theory to cover the case where the order of approximation in parameters and that in dynamical variables may be completely different. This allows, for example, the effective evaluation of low-dimensional dynamical models at finite parameter values
An Introduction to Quantum Error Correction and Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computation
Quantum states are very delicate, so it is likely some sort of quantum error
correction will be necessary to build reliable quantum computers. The theory of
quantum error-correcting codes has some close ties to and some striking
differences from the theory of classical error-correcting codes. Many quantum
codes can be described in terms of the stabilizer of the codewords. The
stabilizer is a finite Abelian group, and allows a straightforward
characterization of the error-correcting properties of the code. The stabilizer
formalism for quantum codes also illustrates the relationships to classical
coding theory, particularly classical codes over GF(4), the finite field with
four elements. To build a quantum computer which behaves correctly in the
presence of errors, we also need a theory of fault-tolerant quantum
computation, instructing us how to perform quantum gates on qubits which are
encoded in a quantum error-correcting code. The threshold theorem states that
it is possible to create a quantum computer to perform an arbitrary quantum
computation provided the error rate per physical gate or time step is below
some constant threshold value.Comment: 46 pages, with large margins. Includes quant-ph/0004072 plus 30 pages
of new material, mostly on fault-toleranc
When is an error not a prediction error? An electrophysiological investigation
A recent theory holds that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) uses reinforcement learning signals conveyed by the midbrain dopamine system to facilitate flexible action selection. According to this position, the impact of reward prediction error signals on ACC modulates the amplitude of a component of the event-related brain potential called the error-related negativity (ERN). The theory predicts that ERN amplitude is monotonically related to the expectedness of the event: It is larger for unexpected outcomes than for expected outcomes. However, a recent failure to confirm this prediction has called the theory into question. In the present article, we investigated this discrepancy in three trial-and-error learning experiments. All three experiments provided support for the theory, but the effect sizes were largest when an optimal response strategy could actually be learned. This observation suggests that ACC utilizes dopamine reward prediction error signals for adaptive decision making when the optimal behavior is, in fact, learnable
Error structures and parameter estimation
This article proposes a link between statistics and the theory of Dirichlet
forms used to compute errors. The error calculus based on Dirichlet forms is an
extension of classical Gauss' approach to error propagation. The aim of this
paper is to derive error structures from measurements. The links with Fisher's
information lay the foundations of a strong connection with experiment. We show
that this connection behaves well towards changes of variables and is related
to the theory of asymptotic statistics
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