Mécanismes de développement propre de reboisement : développement durable ou éco-colonialisme pour les communautés autochtones? Études de cas d'Ipeti-Emberá

Afin d'aider les pays industrialisés à atteindre leurs objectifs de réduction de gaz à effet de serre, le protocole de Kyoto inclut trois mécanismes de flexibilité, dont le Mécanisme pour un Développement Propre (MDP). L'article 12.2 du protocole stipule que l'objet du MDP est également d'aider les « pays en développement » à parvenir à un « développement durable ». Cette recherche se penche sur la pertinence d'un mécanisme de marché, conçu par des instances internationales, mais appliqué dans des communautés locales. À l'aide d'une étude de cas, employant des stratégies de collecte de données qualitatives, la recherche explore le rapport que la communauté autochtone d'Emberá à Ipeti au Panama entretient envers le projet de séquestration de carbone de reboisement qui s'élabore sur leur territoire. L'étude s'inspire du champ théorique des représentations sociales et tente d'exposer les différentes visions du monde impliquées dans l'établissement d'un projet de MDP. En identifiant les éléments de représentations sociales qu'ont les Emberá de la forêt, du développement et du projet de MDP, la recherche met de l'avant les besoins concrets d'une communauté dépendant de la nature pour leur survie et ainsi, offre une analyse critique du développement durable et de l'approche technoscientifique des stratégies employées pour répondre aux problèmes liés aux changements climatiques. À la lumière des changements que le développement de la région implique dans les sphères tant individuelle que collective et environnementale de la réalité des Emberá, plusieurs questions sont soulevées quant à la capacité d'un projet MDP de reboisement de participer à l'amélioration de la qualité de vie d'une communauté autochtone, pauvre et marginalisée. De plus, les objectifs du marché d'échange de \ud « crédits de carbone » sont remisent en question. Le fait de planter des arbres dans les pays du Sud pour compenser les émissions excessives de gaz à effet de serre dans les pays du Nord apparaît comme une forme de colonialisme écologique. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Mécanisme de développement propre (MDP), Communauté autochtone, Emberá, Forêt, Reboisement, Développement durable, Qualité de vie, Représentations sociales, Éco-colonialisme

Organisational challenges for local maize value chains in the biobased economy

Societal challenges drive an increased interest to transform our fossil resources based to a biobased economy, in which biomass is used for the production of bioenergy and biomaterials. Research aiming to enhance this biobased economy often focuses on the technical and techno-economic aspects of converting biomass into value-added biobased products, but fails to take into account non-technical aspects, such as the organizational challenges related to local biomass value chains. These organizational challenges originate from the unique characteristics of the biomass itself, and those of the economic agents involved in the value chain. In this dissertation, we therefore focused on the organizational aspects of local biomass value chains for new applications within the biobased economy. We used local maize value chains in Flanders as case-study. Our research integrated findings from qualitative research with simulation results from a quantitative dynamic modelling approach, being agent-based modelling. We demonstrated the importance of the local context in the trade of silage maize, and identified several organizational challenges that need to be addressed for the development of a corn stover value chain in Flanders. This allows us to formulate five practical recommendations for practitioners: (1) try to work with intermediaries when you are a new entrant into an already existing local biomass value chain; (2) retain an adequate level of flexibility; (3) make a well-considered choice about the organizational form of new value chains; (4) make sure all stakeholders are involved when developing new local biomass value chains for new applications in the biobased economy; and (5) pay special attention to create trust and enthusiasm for the new value chain amongst all stakeholders involved. In general, we advocate a value chain perspective when developing new local biomass value chains for the biobased economy

Technical Change and Economic Growth: Some Lessons from Secular Patterns and Some Conjectures on the Current Impact of ICT Technology

This paper discusses the link between patterns of technological change and economic development taking an evolutionary perspective. We argue that the modes and timing of such coupled dynamics are deeply influenced by the emergence of new techno-economic paradigms or regimes. ICT-based technologies are the drivers of the current paradigm, which, we show, is still at an early stage of diffusion, particularly for developing countries. Building from historical evidence, we argue that catching up of developing countries critically depends on their ability to master the technology behind the dominant technoeconomic paradigm. We then discuss threats and opportunities related to a possible ICTbased development path.Technical change, Economic Growth, ICT

GRES-IT Workshop Proceedings

Series: Working Papers on Information Systems, Information Business and Operation

The Plurality of Daily Digital Health: The Emergence of a New Form of Health Coordination

This article presents the current datafication processes in the field of health as a new form of health coordination. Methodologically, the conceptual foundation of the article is embedded in neopragmatist thinking and mainly informed by the "economics of convention" (EC). At the beginning, it is made clear that the datafication processes in the health system and in people's everyday lives are primarily a future vision that has high hopes for improving and controlling health. The aim of the article is to analyze the current effects of these mobilization processes and to show that with datafication processes, a new coordination mode of a digital daily health is introduced. To this end, the new form of digital daily health is being introduced. For this purpose, its characteristics are described and its relevance for coordination processes is shown. After that, the intersection between the new form of digital daily health and individual health will be analyzed. Finally, the consequences of this new health coordination form will be shown on an individual level as well as on the level of political economy of health

Eco-design Innovation in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises.

Increasing pressure on industry from a range of interest groups has placed environmental concerns at the centre of social and political agendas. This is reflected in policies that aim to effect the ‘greening’ of industry. The focus has been on the environmental impacts of larger corporations. Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) have received relatively little attention, although their economic and environmental significance cannot be ignored. This research investigated a group of environmentally motivated SMEs to identify policy measures that would promote ‘green’ product and service innovation. The project draws on data from 14 case study interviews to distinguish the key factors that led to the marketing of their 'green' products and services. Interviews were also conducted with policy makers and SME support agencies in the UK and the Netherlands. This enabled a comparison of schemes available for the promotion and further development of ecologically designed products within this sector. The ‘Eco-wheel’, created as a means of introducing Dutch SMEs to environmental design issues, was adapted to identify the environmental profiles of the ‘green’ products in this study. This technique proved inappropriate for the analysis of service oriented^ firms and an alternative systems-based model was developed. The general business environmental profiles revealed that the enterprises could be categorised ‘light’ or ‘dark’ green. The analysis indicated these firms were not the stereotypical reactive SME portrayed in the literature. Legislation and industrial standards, while instrumental in improving the environmental performance of the majority of SMEs are inappropriate as drivers for innovation in the ‘green’ firms. This ‘green avant garde’ typically sought commercial advantage through their commitment to environmental and business excellence within their niche markets. The research suggests that to further stimulate these ‘green’ niche markets a radical policy framework is required. This would ensure: a) access to low-risk venture capital for Research and Development; b) the effective dissemination of reliable environmental information; c) financial rewards for consumers and producers of ‘green’ goods and services, delivered through tax incentives and subsidy programmes. These initiatives could contribute to effect technological and system level innovations that will ensure the transition to a more sustainable future

Agri-food business: Global challenges â Innovative solutions

The rise of a western-style middle class in many successful emerging economies like China currently is inducing deep structural changes on agricultural world markets and within the global agri-food business. As a result of both higher incomes and concerns over product safety and quality the global demand for high-quality and safe food products is increasing significantly. In order to meet the new required quality, globally minimum quality standards are rising and private standards emerging. All over the world these developments cause adjustments at the enterprise, chain and market levels. At the same time, the tremendously increasing demand for renewable energy has led to the emergence of a highly promising market for biomass production. This has far-reaching consequences for resource allocation in the agri-food business, for the environment, for the poor in developing countries and for agricultural policy reforms. The challenges increase with ongoing liberalisation, globalisation and standardisation, all of which change trade patterns for agricultural and food commodities, and influence production costs and commodity prices. The objective of the IAMO Forum is to show opportunities as well as risks for all participants of the food economy in the ongoing globalisation process: for small peasants in developing countries, farmers in Europe and globally active food enterprises and retailers. The success of enterprises depends on the ability to find innovative solutions with regard to the organisation of enterprises, chains, and markets, as well as future policy design. Concerning bio-energy strategies has to be identified to combat global warming most efficiently and concurrently attenuate the competition between "tank and table" on farmland. IAMO Forum 2008, as well as this book, would not have been possible without the engagement of many people and institutions. We thank the authors of the papers, as well as the referees. Furthermore we are highly indebted to MARLIES LOHR, NADINE GIEMSA and RONNY RECKE who in an outstanding way contributed to the organisation of the Forum. This is true as well for the IAMO administration, whose work we gratefully acknowledge. Many sponsors has funded the IAMO Forum 2008. We are very grateful to the German Research Foundation (DFG), The Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Production in Germany, The Ministry of Cultural Affairs of the Federal State Saxony-Anhalt, Germany and last but not least the City of Halle. Further Conference sponsors are the BIONADE Corporation, Gaensefurther Mineral Water, The Wine Growers Association of the Region Saale-Unstrut, Germany, Obsthof am SüÃen See GmbH, Monsanto Company, KWS Saat AG, Sachsen-Anhalt-Tours, Baumkuchen Salzwedel and the Hallesches Brauhaus.Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Industrial Organization, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, International Development, Marketing, Political Economy,

Agri-food business: global challenges - innovative solutions

The rise of a western-style middle class in many successful emerging economies like China currently is inducing deep structural changes on agricultural world markets and within the global agri-food business. As a result of both higher incomes and concerns over product safety and quality the global demand for high-quality and safe food products is increasing significantly. In order to meet the new required quality, globally minimum quality standards are rising and private standards emerging. All over the world these developments cause adjustments at the enterprise, chain and market levels. At the same time, the tremendously increasing demand for renewable energy has led to the emergence of a highly promising market for biomass production. This has far-reaching consequences for resource allocation in the agri-food business, for the environment, for the poor in developing countries and for agricultural policy reforms. The challenges increase with ongoing liberalisation, globalisation and standardisation, all of which change trade patterns for agricultural and food commodities, and influence production costs and commodity prices. CONTENTS: Preface... i; On the political economy of food standards ... 1, Johan F. M. Swinnen, Thijs Vandemoortele; An analytical framework for the study of deviant behaviour in production... 11, Norbert Hirschauer, Gaetano Martino; Netchain innovations for sustainable pork supply chains in an EU Context... 22, Rannia Nijhoff-Savvaki, Jacques Trienekens, Onno Omta; Inclusion of dairy farms in supply chain in Bulgaria - Modes, efficiency, perspectives... 35, Hrabrin Bachev; The effective traceability on the example of Polish supply chain ... 47, Agnieszka Bezat, Sebastian Jarzebowski; Geographical indications in transition countries: Governance, vertical integration and territorial impact. Illustration with case studies from Serbia... 58, Marguerite Paus; Processing and marketing feasibility of underutilized fruit species of Rajasthan, India ... 70, Dheeraj Singh, Lobsang Wangshu, V. C. Prahalad; Future impact of new technologies upon food quality and health in Central Eastern European countries... 82, Lajos Zoltán Bakucs, Imre Ferto, Attila Havas; Are food industry companies interested in co-financing collective agricultural marketing?... 95, Anikó Tóth, Csaba Forgács; Farmers' reasons for engaging in bioenergy utilisation and their institutional context: A case study from Germany ... 106, Melf-Hinrich Ehlers; Degree and pattern of agro-food trade integration of South-Eastern European countries with the European Union ... 118, Štefan Bojnec, Imre Ferto; Competitiveness of cotton and wheat production and processing in Central Asia ... 133, Inna Levkovych --