11,085 research outputs found

    A framework for the selection of the right nuclear power plant

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    Civil nuclear reactors are used for the production of electrical energy. In the nuclear industry vendors propose several nuclear reactor designs with a size from 35–45 MWe up to 1600–1700 MWe. The choice of the right design is a multidimensional problem since a utility has to include not only financial factors as levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) and internal rate of return (IRR), but also the so called “external factors” like the required spinning reserve, the impact on local industry and the social acceptability. Therefore it is necessary to balance advantages and disadvantages of each design during the entire life cycle of the plant, usually 40–60 years. In the scientific literature there are several techniques for solving this multidimensional problem. Unfortunately it does not seem possible to apply these methodologies as they are, since the problem is too complex and it is difficult to provide consistent and trustworthy expert judgments. This paper fills the gap, proposing a two-step framework to choosing the best nuclear reactor at the pre-feasibility study phase. The paper shows in detail how to use the methodology, comparing the choice of a small-medium reactor (SMR) with a large reactor (LR), characterised, according to the International Atomic Energy Agency (2006), by an electrical output respectively lower and higher than 700 MWe

    A Comparative Study of Efficient Initialization Methods for the K-Means Clustering Algorithm

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    K-means is undoubtedly the most widely used partitional clustering algorithm. Unfortunately, due to its gradient descent nature, this algorithm is highly sensitive to the initial placement of the cluster centers. Numerous initialization methods have been proposed to address this problem. In this paper, we first present an overview of these methods with an emphasis on their computational efficiency. We then compare eight commonly used linear time complexity initialization methods on a large and diverse collection of data sets using various performance criteria. Finally, we analyze the experimental results using non-parametric statistical tests and provide recommendations for practitioners. We demonstrate that popular initialization methods often perform poorly and that there are in fact strong alternatives to these methods.Comment: 17 pages, 1 figure, 7 table

    Prioritization of patients' access to health care services

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    L'accĂšs aux services de santĂ© et les longs dĂ©lais d'attente sont l’un des principaux problĂšmes dans la plupart des pays du monde, dont le Canada et les États-Unis. Les organismes de soins de santĂ© ne peuvent pas augmenter leurs ressources limitĂ©es, ni traiter tous les patients simultanĂ©ment. C'est pourquoi une attention particuliĂšre doit ĂȘtre portĂ©e Ă  la priorisation d'accĂšs des patients aux services, afin d’optimiser l’utilisation de ces ressources limitĂ©es et d’assurer la sĂ©curitĂ© des patients. En fait, la priorisation des patients est une pratique essentielle, mais oubliĂ©e dans les systĂšmes de soins de santĂ© Ă  l'Ă©chelle internationale. Les principales problĂ©matiques que l’on retrouve dans la priorisation des patients sont: la prise en considĂ©ration de plusieurs critĂšres conflictuels, les donnĂ©es incomplĂštes et imprĂ©cises, les risques associĂ©s qui peuvent menacer la vie des patients durant leur mise sur les listes d'attente, les incertitudes prĂ©sentes dans les dĂ©cisions des cliniciens et patients, impliquant l'opinion des groupes de dĂ©cideurs, et le comportement dynamique du systĂšme. La priorisation inappropriĂ©e des patients en attente de traitement a une incidence directe sur l’inefficacitĂ© des prestations de soins de santĂ©, la qualitĂ© des soins, et surtout sur la sĂ©curitĂ© des patients et leur satisfaction. InspirĂ©s par ces faits, dans cette thĂšse, nous proposons de nouveaux cadres hybrides pour prioriser les patients en abordant un certain nombre de principales lacunes aux mĂ©thodes proposĂ©es et utilisĂ©es dans la littĂ©rature et dans la pratique. Plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment, nous considĂ©rons tout d'abord la prise de dĂ©cision collective incluant les multiples critĂšres de prioritĂ©, le degrĂ© d'importance de chacun de ces critĂšres et de leurs interdĂ©pendances dans la procĂ©dure d'Ă©tablissement des prioritĂ©s pour la priorisation des patients. Puis, nous travaillons sur l'implication des risques associĂ©s et des incertitudes prĂ©sentes dans la procĂ©dure de priorisation, dans le but d'amĂ©liorer la sĂ©curitĂ© des patients. Enfin, nous prĂ©sentons un cadre global en se concentrant sur tous les aspects mentionnĂ©s prĂ©cĂ©demment, ainsi que l'implication des patients dans la priorisation, et la considĂ©ration des aspects dynamiques du systĂšme dans la priorisation. À travers l'application du cadre global proposĂ© dans le service de chirurgie orthopĂ©dique Ă  l'hĂŽpital universitaire de Shohada, et dans un programme clinique de communication augmentative et alternative appelĂ© PACEC Ă  l'Institut de rĂ©adaptation en dĂ©ficience physique de QuĂ©bec (IRDPQ), nous montrons l'efficacitĂ© de nos approches en les comparant avec celles actuellement utilisĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats prouvent que ce cadre peut ĂȘtre adoptĂ© facilement et efficacement dans diffĂ©rents organismes de santĂ©. Notamment, les cliniciens qui ont participĂ© Ă  l'Ă©tude ont conclu que le cadre produit une priorisation prĂ©cise et fiable qui est plus efficace que la mĂ©thode de priorisation actuellement utilisĂ©e. En rĂ©sumĂ©, les rĂ©sultats de cette thĂšse pourraient ĂȘtre bĂ©nĂ©fiques pour les professionnels de la santĂ© afin de les aider Ă : i) Ă©valuer la prioritĂ© des patients plus facilement et prĂ©cisĂ©ment, ii) dĂ©terminer les politiques et les lignes directrices pour la priorisation et planification des patients, iii) gĂ©rer les listes d'attente plus adĂ©quatement, vi) diminuer le temps nĂ©cessaire pour la priorisation des patients, v) accroĂźtre l'Ă©quitĂ© et la justice entre les patients, vi) diminuer les risques associĂ©s Ă  l’attente sur les listes pour les patients, vii) envisager l'opinion de groupe de dĂ©cideurs dans la procĂ©dure de priorisation pour Ă©viter les biais possibles dans la prise de dĂ©cision, viii) impliquer les patients et leurs familles dans la procĂ©dure de priorisation, ix) gĂ©rer les incertitudes prĂ©sentes dans la procĂ©dure de prise de dĂ©cision, et finalement x) amĂ©liorer la qualitĂ© des soins.Access to health care services and long waiting times are one of the main issues in most of the countries including Canada and the United States. Health care organizations cannot increase their limited resources nor treat all patients simultaneously. Then, patients’ access to these services should be prioritized in a way that best uses the scarce resources, and to ensure patients’ safety. In fact, patients’ prioritization is an essential but forgotten practice in health care systems internationally. Some challenging aspects in patients’ prioritization problem are: considering multiple conflicting criteria, incomplete and imprecise data, associated risks that threaten patients on waiting lists, uncertainties in clinicians’ decisions, involving a group of decision makers’ opinions, and health system’s dynamic behavior. Inappropriate prioritization of patients waiting for treatment, affects directly on inefficiencies in health care delivery, quality of care, and most importantly on patients’ safety and their satisfaction. Inspired by these facts, in this thesis, we propose novel hybrid frameworks to prioritize patients by addressing a number of main shortcomings of current prioritization methods in the literature and in practice. Specifically, we first consider group decision-making, multiple prioritization criteria, these criteria’s importance weights and their interdependencies in the patients’ prioritization procedure. Then, we work on involving associated risks that threaten patients on waiting lists and handling existing uncertainties in the prioritization procedure with the aim of improving patients’ safety. Finally, we introduce a comprehensive framework focusing on all previously mentioned aspects plus involving patients in the prioritization, and considering dynamic aspects of the system in the patients’ prioritization. Through the application of the proposed comprehensive framework in the orthopedic surgery ward at Shohada University Hospital, and in an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) clinical program called PACEC at the Institute for Disability Rehabilitation in Physics of QuĂ©bec (IRDPQ), we show the effectiveness of our approaches comparing the currently used ones. The implementation results prove that this framework could be adopted easily and effectively in different health care organizations. Notably, clinicians that participated in the study concluded that the framework produces a precise and reliable prioritization that is more effective than the currently in use prioritization methods. In brief, the results of this thesis could be beneficial for health care professionals to: i) evaluate patients’ priority more accurately and easily, ii) determine policies and guidelines for patients’ prioritization and scheduling, iii) manage waiting lists properly, vi) decrease the time required for patients’ prioritization, v) increase equity and justice among patients, vi) diminish risks that could threaten patients during waiting time, vii) consider all of the decision makers’ opinions in the prioritization procedure to prevent possible biases in the decision-making procedure, viii) involve patients and their families in the prioritization procedure, ix) handle available uncertainties in the decision-making procedure, and x) increase quality of care
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