Grid Strength Assessment Trough Q-V Modal Analysis and Maximum Loadability of a Wind-Dominated Power System Using P-Q Regions

Climate change is a menace to the existence of the world and policymakers are trying totackle this phenomenon by deploying large-scale wind farms into their grids. Among them, wind energy shows a promising future to substitute the traditional power plants. However, the deployment of these wind farms into the grid is not a panacea that does not pose any challenges to the grid operators. Keeping the power system voltage stable while considering the strength of the transmission grid is among the major challenges facing by the transmission system operators. Amid normal operation and fault conditions, wind farms should help the grid in reactive power supply according to the grid codes to ride through the fault. In doing so, during fault conditions or heavy loading conditions, the voltage of the power system will not deteriorate. A wind farm, most of the time, is incapable to meet the grid codes requirements without reactive power support. For the compensation of the reactive power deficit, FACTS devices are extensively used. The most popular FACTS devices used by electric utilities are, STATCOM, SVC, SSSC, TCSC, and UPFC. In this work, attention is given to the amelioration of transient stability in wind-dominated power systems via STATCOM and SSSC. Furthermore, a systematic approach to locate large wind power plants to an existing transmission grid is developed by combining the QV-modal analysis, Q-V curves, and P-Q method. The steady-state voltage stability at different wind power penetration levels is investigated while considering the weakest and the strongest region of the power system. The P-Q region method is used to size the wind farm in each scenario. The reliability of the system is verified from the worst contingencies with the wind farm connected at the most vulnerable bus of the system in reactive power capability. The system considered for testing is the modified IEEE 14 bus system

Improved low-voltage-ride-through capability of fixed-speed wind turbines using decentralised control of STATCOM with energy storage system

The design and implementation of a new control scheme for reactive power compensation, voltage regulation and transient stability enhancement for wind turbines equipped with fixed-speed induction generators (IGs) in large interconnected power systems is presented in this study. The low-voltage-ride-through (LVRT) capability is provided by extending the range of the operation of the controlled system to include typical post-fault conditions. A systematic procedure is proposed to design decentralised multi-variable controllers for large interconnected power systems using the linear quadratic (LQ) output-feedback control design method and the controller design procedure is formulated as an optimisation problem involving rank-constrained linear matrix inequality (LMI). In this study, it is shown that a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) with energy storage system (ESS), controlled via robust control technique, is an effective device for improving the LVRT capability of fixed-speed wind turbines

Modelling Type 1 and 2 Wind Turbines based on IEC 61400-27-1: Transient Response under Voltage Dips

[EN] Wind power plants depend greatly on weather conditions, thus being considered intermittent, uncertain and non-dispatchable. Due to the massive integration of this energy resource in the recent decades, it is important that transmission and distribution system operators are able to model their electrical behaviour in terms of steady-state power flow, transient dynamic stability, and short-circuit currents. Consequently, in 2015, the International Electrotechnical Commission published Standard IEC 61400-27-1, which includes generic models for wind power generation in order to estimate the electrical characteristics of wind turbines at the connection point. This paper presents, describes and details the models for wind turbine topologies Types 1 and 2 following IEC 61400-27-1 for electrical simulation purposes, including the values for the parameters for the different subsystems. A hardware-in-the-loop combined with a real-time simulator is also used to analyse the response of such wind turbine topologies under voltage dips. The evolution of active and reactive powers is discussed, together with the wind turbine rotor and generator rotational speeds.This work was partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Union -FEDER Funds, ENE2016-78214-C2-1-R-; and the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports -ref. FPU16/04282-.García-Sánchez, TM.; Muñoz-Benavente, I.; Gómez-Lázaro, E.; Fernández-Guillamón, A. (2020). Modelling Type 1 and 2 Wind Turbines based on IEC 61400-27-1: Transient Response under Voltage Dips. Energies. 13(16):1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13164078S1191316Fernández-Guillamón, A., Villena-Lapaz, J., Vigueras-Rodríguez, A., García-Sánchez, T., & Molina-García, Á. (2018). An Adaptive Frequency Strategy for Variable Speed Wind Turbines: Application to High Wind Integration Into Power Systems. 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Generic dynamic wind turbine models for power system stability analysis: A comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 1939-1952. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.005Moschitta, A., Carbone, P., & Muscas, C. (2011). Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test for Voltage Dip Detection. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 60(5), 1644-1653. doi:10.1109/tim.2011.2113110Moschitta, A., Carbone, P., & Muscas, C. (2012). Performance Comparison of Advanced Techniques for Voltage Dip Detection. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 61(5), 1494-1502. doi:10.1109/tim.2012.2183436Gallo, D., Landi, C., Luiso, M., & Fiorucci, E. (2014). Survey on Voltage Dip Measurements in Standard Framework. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 63(2), 374-387. doi:10.1109/tim.2013.2278996Ipinnimo, O., Chowdhury, S., Chowdhury, S. P., & Mitra, J. (2013). A review of voltage dip mitigation techniques with distributed generation in electricity networks. Electric Power Systems Research, 103, 28-36. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2013.05.004Hossain, M. J., Pota, H. R., Ugrinovskii, V. A., & Ramos, R. A. (2010). Simultaneous STATCOM and Pitch Angle Control for Improved LVRT Capability of Fixed-Speed Wind Turbines. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 1(3), 142-151. doi:10.1109/tste.2010.2054118Hossain, M. J., Pota, H. R., & Ramos, R. A. (2011). Robust STATCOM control for the stabilisation of fixed-speed wind turbines during low voltages. Renewable Energy, 36(11), 2897-2905. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2011.04.010Hossain, M. J., Pota, H. R., & Ramos, R. A. (2012). Improved low-voltage-ride-through capability of fixed-speed wind turbines using decentralised control of STATCOM with energy storage system. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 6(8), 719. doi:10.1049/iet-gtd.2011.0537Wessels, C., Hoffmann, N., Molinas, M., & Fuchs, F. W. (2013). StatCom control at wind farms with fixed-speed induction generators under asymmetrical grid faults. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 60(7), 2864-2873. doi:10.1109/tie.2012.2233694Obando-Montaño, A., Carrillo, C., Cidrás, J., & Díaz-Dorado, E. (2014). A STATCOM with Supercapacitors for Low-Voltage Ride-Through in Fixed-Speed Wind Turbines. Energies, 7(9), 5922-5952. doi:10.3390/en7095922Moghadasi, A., Sarwat, A., & Guerrero, J. M. (2016). A comprehensive review of low-voltage-ride-through methods for fixed-speed wind power generators. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 823-839. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.020Heydari-doostabad, H., Khalghani, M. R., & Khooban, M. H. (2016). A novel control system design to improve LVRT capability of fixed speed wind turbines using STATCOM in presence of voltage fault. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 77, 280-286. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.11.011Fortmann, J., Engelhardt, S., Kretschmann, J., Feltes, C., & Erlich, I. (2014). New Generic Model of DFG-Based Wind Turbines for RMS-Type Simulation. 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Dynamic and Transient Analysis of LVRT Augmented Grid Tied DFIG based Wind Turbine

This thesis aims to present Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) augmentation of the gridtied Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based wind turbine. Voltage stability is a critical grid code criterion that must be strictly adhered. A substantial voltage drop happens during a fault or network disruption situation, which must be restored as quickly as possible. According to modern grid code standards, 90 percent of the voltage must be restored to pre-fault levels in 1500 milliseconds. As a result, both dynamic and transient assessments are performed to evaluate the intended power system's LVRT capabilities. In this study, fault analysis including the most severe 3LG fault under transient conditions has been examined in order to evaluate the tuned PI controller scheme and resilience of the developed power system model. PSCAD/EMTDC® v4.5 tool has been used extensively to develop the DFIG wind turbine aerodynamic model, DFIG control scheme and power system model analysis. Simulation results show that tuned Proportional Plus Integral (PI) controllers effectively augment the LVRT functionality by injecting sufficient reactive power into the grid during fault or network disturbance scenarios

LVRT and HVRT control strategies of doubly- fed induction generator

The Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) has a high sensitivity to the Grid Faults (GFs), which can cause many problems on the power quality and the production continuity. Actually, the grid connection requirements impose strict laws to respect to Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT), High Voltage Ride Through (HVRT), and grid support capacities following the Grid Codes (GCs). In fact, when detecting voltage fault, Wind Turbines (WTs) should stay in connection with the grid in order to hold a safe and stable operation. The main objective of this work is to propose LVRT and HVRT strategies able to retain WTs connected to the grid during severe grid voltage faults. The proposed approach is a hybrid method combining two methods (active and passive methods): The first aim is to develop the control of DFIG, while the second is applied for severe voltage faults using hardware protection circuits

Large Grid-Connected Wind Turbines

This book covers the technological progress and developments of a large-scale wind energy conversion system along with its future trends, with each chapter constituting a contribution by a different leader in the wind energy arena. Recent developments in wind energy conversion systems, system optimization, stability augmentation, power smoothing, and many other fascinating topics are included in this book. Chapters are supported through modeling, control, and simulation analysis. This book contains both technical and review articles

Analysis and Modeling of Advanced Power Control and Protection Requirements for Integrating Renewable Energy Sources in Smart Grid,

Attempts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are promising with the recent dramatic increase of installed renewable energy sources (RES) capacity. Integration of large intermittent renewable resources affects smart grid systems in several significant ways, such as transient and voltage stability, existing protection scheme, and power leveling and energy balancing. To protect the grid from threats related to these issues, utilities impose rigorous technical requirements, more importantly, focusing on fault ride through requirements and active/reactive power responses following disturbances. This dissertation is aimed at developing and verifying the advanced and algorithmic methods for specification of protection schemes, reactive power capability and power control requirements for interconnection of the RESs to the smart grid systems. The first findings of this dissertation verified that the integration of large RESs become more promising from the energy-saving, and downsizing perspective by introducing a resistive superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) as a self-healing equipment. The proposed SFCL decreased the activation of the conventional control scheme for the wind power plant (WPP), such as dc braking chopper and fast pitch angle control systems, thereby increased the reliability of the system. A static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) has been proposed to assist with the uninterrupted operation of the doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs)-based WTs during grid disturbances. The key motivation of this study was to design a new computational intelligence technique based on a multi-objective optimization problem (MOP), for the online coordinated reactive power control between the DFIG and the STATCOM in order to improve the low voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability of the WT during the fault, and to smooth low-frequency oscillations of the active power during the recovery. Furthermore, the application of a three-phase single-stage module-integrated converter (MIC) incorporated into a grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) system was investigated in this dissertation. A new current control scheme based on multivariable PI controller, with a faster dynamic and superior axis decoupling capability compared with the conventional PI control method, was developed and experimentally evaluated for three-phase PV MIC system. Finally, a study was conducted based on the framework of stochastic game theory to enable a power system to dynamically survive concurrent severe multi-failure events, before such failures turn into a full blown cascading failure. This effort provides reliable strategies in the form of insightful guidelines on how to deploy limited budgets for protecting critical components of the smart grid systems