Is Europe in the Driver's Seat? The Competitiveness of the European Automotive Embedded Systems Industry

This report is one of a series resulting from a project entitled ¿Competitiveness by Leveraging Emerging Technologies Economically¿ (COMPLETE), carried out by JRC-IPTS. Each of the COMPLETE studies illustrates in its own right that European companies are active on many fronts of emerging and disruptive ICT technologies and are supplying the market with relevant products and services. Nevertheless, the studies also show that the creation and growth of high tech companies is still very complex and difficult in Europe, and too many economic opportunities seem to escape European initiatives and ownership. COMPLETE helps to illustrate some of the difficulties experienced in different segments of the ICT industry and by growing potential global players. This report reflects the findings of a study conducted by Egil Juliussen and Richard Robinson, two senior experts from iSuppli Corporation on the Competitiveness of the European Automotive Embedded Software industry. The report starts by introducing the market, its trends, the technologies, their characteristics and their potential economic impact, before moving to an analysis of the competitiveness of the corresponding European industry. It concludes by suggesting policy options. The research, initially based on internal expertise and literature reviews, was complemented with further desk research, expert interviews, expert workshops and company visits. The results were ultimately reviewed by experts and also in a dedicated workshop. The report concludes that currently ICT innovation in the automotive industry is a key competence in Europe, with very little ICT innovation from outside the EU finding its way into EU automotive companies. A major benefit of a strong automotive ICT industry is the resulting large and valuable employment base. But future maintenance of automotive ICT jobs within the EU will only be possible if the EU continues to have high levels of product innovation.JRC.DDG.J.4-Information Societ

ROS2 versus AUTOSAR: automated PARKING system case-study

Vehicles are complex systems as they combine several engineering disciplines, such as mechanical, electric, electronic, software and telecommunication. In the last decades, most innovations in the automotive domain have been achieved as a combination of electronics and software. Consequently, the software development and deployment has resulted a highly sophisticated engineering process to manage and to integrate. With the introduction of artificial intelligence, automated driving has become a reality. However it has additionally increased the requirements on the system design. One widely accepted approach to manage complexity is to divide the system into subsystems through a well-defined architecture. The architecture of an autonomous system must be suitable to guarantee that the self-driving functionality remains safe in a broad range of operational domains. The challenge is how to design the architecture of the system to be reliable and resilient to changing context. The automotive industry has well established standards and development practices, but it is open to explore and integrate solutions from other domains like Internet of Things and Robotics. In the area of autonomous systems, the capabilities of the robotics middleware ROS2 have been used for prototyping purposes. It is an open question whether ROS2 is suitable for automotive safety relevant applications. This master thesis addresses this challenge through evaluating the possible application of ROS2 in the automotive domain. The development consists of implementing an architecture for an autonomous driving function case-study, an Automated Parking System, which adapts to its context by switching between different operational modes. The Automated Parking System has been implemented and validated in a simulation environment. The experiment results show which benefits bring ROS2 compared with the automotive standardised architecture AUTOSAR

Developing Automotive Products Using the EAST-ADL2, an AUTOSAR Compliant Architecture Description Language

International audienceCurrent development trends in automotive software feature increasing standardization of the embedded software structure. But it still remains the critical issue of the overall engineering information management to control the system definition and manage its complexity. System modeling based onan Architecture Description Language (ADL) is a way to keep these assets within one information structure. The original EAST-ADL was developed in the EAST-EEA project (www.east-eea.org) and basic concepts were reused in the AUTOSAR standardization initiative. The original EAST-ADL is currently refined in the ATESST project (www.atesst.org) to EAST-ADL2. This paper presents the results of the language extension provided by the EAST-ADL2 domain model and focuses on its possible extension of the AUTOSAR standard to support decomposition of E/E automotive systems

Supporting Early Modeling and End-to-end Timing Analysis of Vehicular Distributed Real-Time Applications

REACTION 2012. 1st International workshop on Real-time and distributed computing in emerging applications. December 4th, 2012, San Juan, Puerto Rico.The current model- and component-based development approaches for automotive distributed real-time systems have non-existing, or limited, support for modeling network traffic originating from outside the vehicle, i.e., vehicle-tovehicle, vehicle-to-infrastructure, and cloud-based applications. We present novel modeling and analysis techniques to allow early end-to-end timing analysis of distributed applications based on their models and simple models of network traffic that originates from outside of the model. As a proof of concept, we implement these techniques in the existing industrial tool suite Rubus- ICE which is used for the development of software for vehicular embedded systems by several international companies. We also conduct an application-case study to validate our techniques.This work is supported by the Swedish Knowledge Foundation (KKS) within the project FEMMVA. We thank the industrial partners Arcticus Systems, BAE Systems Hägglunds and Volvo Construction Equipment (VCE), Sweden

An Overview of Automotive Service-Oriented Architectures and Implications for Security Countermeasures

New requirements from the customers\u27 and manufacturers\u27 point of view such as adding new software functions during the product life cycle require a transformed architecture design for future vehicles. The paradigm of signal-oriented communication established for many years will increasingly be replaced by service-oriented approaches in order to increase the update and upgrade capability. In this article, we provide an overview of current protocols and communication patterns for automotive architectures based on the service-oriented architecture (SOA) paradigm and compare them with signal-oriented approaches. Resulting challenges and opportunities of SOAs with respect to information security are outlined and discussed. For this purpose, we explain different security countermeasures and present a state of the section of automotive approaches in the fields of firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) and Identity and Access Management (IAM). Our final discussion is based on an exemplary hybrid architecture (signal- and service-oriented) and examines the adaptation of existing security measures as well as their specific security features

The future roadmap of in-vehicle network processing: a HW-centric (R-)evolution

© 2022 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.The automotive industry is undergoing a deep revolution. With the race towards autonomous driving, the amount of technologies, sensors and actuators that need to be integrated in the vehicle increases exponentially. This imposes new great challenges in the vehicle electric/electronic (E/E) architecture and, especially, in the In-Vehicle Network (IVN). In this work, we analyze the evolution of IVNs, and focus on the main network processing platform integrated in them: the Gateway (GW). We derive the requirements of Network Processing Platforms that need to be fulfilled by future GW controllers focusing on two perspectives: functional requirements and structural requirements. Functional requirements refer to the functionalities that need to be delivered by these network processing platforms. Structural requirements refer to design aspects which ensure the feasibility, usability and future evolution of the design. By focusing on the Network Processing architecture, we review the available options in the state of the art, both in industry and academia. We evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each architecture in terms of the coverage provided for the functional and structural requirements. In our analysis, we detect a gap in this area: there is currently no architecture fulfilling all the requirements of future automotive GW controllers. In light of the available network processing architectures and the current technology landscape, we identify Hardware (HW) accelerators and custom processor design as a key differentiation factor which boosts the devices performance. From our perspective, this points to a need - and a research opportunity - to explore network processing architectures with a strong HW focus, unleashing the potential of next-generation network processors and supporting the demanding requirements of future autonomous and connected vehicles.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Abordagem de Anotações para o Suporte da Gestão Energética de Software em Modelos AMALTHEA

The automotive industry is continuously introducing innovative software features to provide more efficient, safe, and comfortable solutions. Despite the several benefits to the consumer, the evolution of automotive software is also reflected in several challenges, presenting a growing complexity that hinders its development and integration. The adoption of standards and appropriate development methods becomes essential to meet the requirements of the industry. Furthermore, the expansion of automotive software systems is also driving a considerable growth in the number of electronic components installed in a vehicle, which has a significant impact on the electric energy consumption. Thus, the focus on non-functional energy requirements has become increasingly important. This work presents a study focused on the evolution of automotive software considering the development standards, methodologies, as well as approaches for energy requirements management. We propose an automatic and self-contained approach for the support of energy properties management, adopting the model-based open-source framework AMALTHEA. From the analysis of execution or simulation traces, the energy consumption estimation is provided at a fine-grained level and annotated in AMALTHEA models. Thus, we enable the energy analysis and management of the system throughout the entire lifecycle. Additionally, this solution is in line with the AUTOSAR Adaptive standard, allowing the development of energy management strategies for automatic, dynamic, and adaptive systems.A indústria automotiva encontra-se constantemente a introduzir funcionalidades inovadoras através de software, para oferecer soluções mais eficientes, seguras e confortáveis. Apesar dos diversos benefícios para o consumidor, a evolução do software automóvel também se reflete em diversos desafios, apresentando uma crescente complexidade que dificulta o seu desenvolvimento e integração. Desta forma, a adoção de normas e metodologias adequadas para o seu desenvolvimento torna-se essencial para cumprir os requisitos do setor. Adicionalmente, esta expansão das funcionalidades suportadas por software é fonte de um aumento considerável do número de componentes eletrónicos instalados em automóveis. Consequentemente, existe um impacto significativo no consumo de energia elétrica dos sistemas automóveis, sendo cada vez mais relevante o foco nos requisitos não-funcionais deste domínio. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo focado na evolução do software automotivo tendo em conta os padrões e metodologias de desenvolvimento desta área, bem como abordagens para a gestão de requisitos de energia. Através da adoção da ferramenta AMALTHEA, uma plataforma open-source de desenvolvimento baseado em modelos, é proposta uma abordagem automática e independente para a análise de propriedades energéticas. A partir da análise de traços de execução ou de simulação, é produzida uma estimativa pormenorizada do consumo de energia, sendo esta anotada em modelos AMALTHEA. Desta forma, torna-se possível a análise e gestão energética ao longo de todo o ciclo de vida do sistema. Salienta-se que a solução se encontra alinhada com a norma AUTOSAR Adaptive, permitindo o desenvolvimento de estratégias para a gestão energética de sistemas automáticos, dinâmicos e adaptativos

Automated and intelligent hacking detection system

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Informatics EngineeringThe Controller Area Network (CAN) is the backbone of automotive networking, connecting many Electronic ControlUnits (ECUs) that control virtually every vehicle function from fuel injection to parking sensors. It possesses,however, no security functionality such as message encryption or authentication by default. Attackers can easily inject or modify packets in the network, causing vehicle malfunction and endangering the driver and passengers. There is an increasing number of ECUs in modern vehicles, primarily driven by the consumer’s expectation of more features and comfort in their vehicles as well as ever-stricter government regulations on efficiency and emissions. Combined with vehicle connectivity to the exterior via Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or cellular, this raises the risk of attacks. Traditional networks, such as Internet Protocol (IP), typically have an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) analysing traffic and signalling when an attack occurs. The system here proposed is an adaptation of the traditional IDS into the CAN bus using a One Class Support Vector Machine (OCSVM) trained with live, attack-free traffic. The system is capable of reliably detecting a variety of attacks, both known and unknown, without needing to understand payload syntax, which is largely proprietary and vehicle/model dependent. This allows it to be installed in any vehicle in a plug-and-play fashion while maintaining a large degree of accuracy with very few false positives.A Controller Area Network (CAN) é a principal tecnologia de comunicação interna automóvel, ligando muitas Electronic Control Units (ECUs) que controlam virtualmente todas as funções do veículo desde injeção de combustível até aos sensores de estacionamento. No entanto, não possui por defeito funcionalidades de segurança como cifragem ou autenticação. É possível aos atacantes facilmente injetarem ou modificarem pacotes na rede causando estragos e colocando em perigo tanto o condutor como os passageiros. Existe um número cada vez maior de ECUs nos veículos modernos, impulsionado principalmente pelas expectativas do consumidores quanto ao aumento do conforto nos seus veículos, e pelos cada vez mais exigentes regulamentos de eficiência e emissões. Isto, associada à conexão ao exterior através de tecnologias como o Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, ou redes móveis, aumenta o risco de ataques. Redes tradicionais, como a rede Internet Protocol (IP), tipicamente possuem um Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) que analiza o tráfego e assinala a presença de um ataque. O sistema aqui proposto é uma adaptação do IDS tradicional à rede CAN utilizando uma One Class Support Vector Machine (OCSVM) treinada com tráfego real e livre de ataques. O sistema é capaz de detetar com fiabilidade uma variedade de ataques, tanto conhecidos como desconhecidos, sem a necessidade de entender a sintaxe do campo de dados das mensagens, que é maioritariamente proprietária. Isto permite ao sistema ser instalado em qualquer veículo num modo plug-and-play enquanto mantém um elevado nível de desempenho com muito poucos falsos positivos

Custom automotive grade Linux image for production diagnostics

Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica Industrial e Computadores (especialização em Sistemas Embebidos)Os sistemas presentes nos automóveis de hoje em dia, têm vindo a tornar-se cada vez mais complexos conforme as tecnologias e as preferências dos consumidores têm evoluído. Os sistemas, tais como consolas centrais ou paineis de instrumentos, têm o papel não só de informar os passageiros como também de entertenimento e ajuda na navegação. Estas e outras capacidades traduziram-se numa maior complexidade destes sistemas, tanto a nível do software como do hardware. A maior parte dos fornecedores de peças e equipamentos eletrónicos para a industria automóvel têm a necessidade de acelerar o processo de testes dos seus produtos, para poderem acompanhar a procura mantendo a qualidade. Para este fim, software de testes é usado nos sistemas desenvolvidos com o objetivo de testar o hardware e software desenvolvido para o cliente. No software de testes incluí-se o Production Diagnostic Software (PDS). A solução de PDS atualmente utilizada pela Bosch é composta por uma pilha de software, QNX a correr em paralelo com AUTOSAR da Vector. O AUTOSAR é um Real-Time Operative System (RTOS) usado como ponto de entrada dos comandos de diagnostico e oferece acesso ao hardware e à interface de comunicação. O QNX é um sistema UNIX de alto nível que lida com dispositivos externos, como ecrãs e audio. O Automotive Grade Linux (AGL), em comparação com outros sistemas operativos direcionados à indústria automóvel, é mais recente e apresenta software totalmente open-source. Devido a isto, apresenta custos reduzidos quando comparado com soluções closed-source e um maior grau de personalização em termos de código. Este projeto de dissertação implementou uma prova de conceito de um PDS usando o AGL como o unico sistema operativo, com o objetivo de competir e substituir, totalmente ou parcialmente, a pilha de software existente na solução atual da Bosch. A conclusão deste projeto de dissertação é que o AGL não consegue substituir a pilha de software devido à falta de qualidades real-time por parte do AGL. Mas, por outro lado, é um possível candidato a substituir o QNX na pilha de software, pois o AGL apresenta as mesmas capacidades que o QNX a menor custo e com maior personalização.The systems in today’s cars have become increasingly complex as technology and consumer prefer ences have evolved. Systems, such as center consoles or instrument clusters, have the role of not only inform passengers but also to entertain and aid navigation. These and other capabilities increased the complexity of these systems, in terms of software and hardware. Most suppliers of electronic parts and equipment to the automotive industry have the need to speed up the process of testing their products so that they can meet demand while maintaining quality. For this purpose, test software is used with the objective of testing the hardware and software developed for the client. Test software includes Production Diagnostic Software (PDS). The PDS solution currently used by Bosch is composed of a software stack, QNX running alongside Vectors AUTOSAR. AUTOSAR is a Real-Time Operative System (RTOS) used as the entry point for diagnostic commands and provides access to the hardware and communication interface. QNX is a high-level UNIX system that handles external devices, such as displays and audio. The Automotive Grade Linux (AGL), compared to other Operative Systems targeted at the automotive industry, is newer and features a open-source approach. Because of this, it offers lower costs when compared to other closed-source solutions and a higher level of customization of code. This dissertation project implemented a proof-of-concept of a PDS using AGL as the only operating system, with the aim to compete and replace, totally or partially, the existing software stack in the current Bosch solution. The conclusion drawn from this dissertation project is that AGL cannot replace the software stack, due to it’s lack of real-time capabilities. On the other hand, it is a possible candidate to replace QNX in the software stack, for the reason that AGL has the same capabilities at a lower cost and higher customization level