5,949 research outputs found
Syntactic Markovian Bisimulation for Chemical Reaction Networks
In chemical reaction networks (CRNs) with stochastic semantics based on
continuous-time Markov chains (CTMCs), the typically large populations of
species cause combinatorially large state spaces. This makes the analysis very
difficult in practice and represents the major bottleneck for the applicability
of minimization techniques based, for instance, on lumpability. In this paper
we present syntactic Markovian bisimulation (SMB), a notion of bisimulation
developed in the Larsen-Skou style of probabilistic bisimulation, defined over
the structure of a CRN rather than over its underlying CTMC. SMB identifies a
lumpable partition of the CTMC state space a priori, in the sense that it is an
equivalence relation over species implying that two CTMC states are lumpable
when they are invariant with respect to the total population of species within
the same equivalence class. We develop an efficient partition-refinement
algorithm which computes the largest SMB of a CRN in polynomial time in the
number of species and reactions. We also provide an algorithm for obtaining a
quotient network from an SMB that induces the lumped CTMC directly, thus
avoiding the generation of the state space of the original CRN altogether. In
practice, we show that SMB allows significant reductions in a number of models
from the literature. Finally, we study SMB with respect to the deterministic
semantics of CRNs based on ordinary differential equations (ODEs), where each
equation gives the time-course evolution of the concentration of a species. SMB
implies forward CRN bisimulation, a recently developed behavioral notion of
equivalence for the ODE semantics, in an analogous sense: it yields a smaller
ODE system that keeps track of the sums of the solutions for equivalent
species.Comment: Extended version (with proofs), of the corresponding paper published
at KimFest 2017 (http://kimfest.cs.aau.dk/
Separating Regular Languages with First-Order Logic
Given two languages, a separator is a third language that contains the first
one and is disjoint from the second one. We investigate the following decision
problem: given two regular input languages of finite words, decide whether
there exists a first-order definable separator. We prove that in order to
answer this question, sufficient information can be extracted from semigroups
recognizing the input languages, using a fixpoint computation. This yields an
EXPTIME algorithm for checking first-order separability. Moreover, the
correctness proof of this algorithm yields a stronger result, namely a
description of a possible separator. Finally, we generalize this technique to
answer the same question for regular languages of infinite words
Language-based Abstractions for Dynamical Systems
Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are the primary means to modelling
dynamical systems in many natural and engineering sciences. The number of
equations required to describe a system with high heterogeneity limits our
capability of effectively performing analyses. This has motivated a large body
of research, across many disciplines, into abstraction techniques that provide
smaller ODE systems while preserving the original dynamics in some appropriate
sense. In this paper we give an overview of a recently proposed
computer-science perspective to this problem, where ODE reduction is recast to
finding an appropriate equivalence relation over ODE variables, akin to
classical models of computation based on labelled transition systems.Comment: In Proceedings QAPL 2017, arXiv:1707.0366
Syntactic Complexity of R- and J-Trivial Regular Languages
The syntactic complexity of a regular language is the cardinality of its
syntactic semigroup. The syntactic complexity of a subclass of the class of
regular languages is the maximal syntactic complexity of languages in that
class, taken as a function of the state complexity n of these languages. We
study the syntactic complexity of R- and J-trivial regular languages, and prove
that n! and floor of [e(n-1)!] are tight upper bounds for these languages,
respectively. We also prove that 2^{n-1} is the tight upper bound on the state
complexity of reversal of J-trivial regular languages.Comment: 17 pages, 5 figures, 1 tabl
Functional lower bounds for arithmetic circuits and connections to boolean circuit complexity
We say that a circuit over a field functionally computes an
-variate polynomial if for every we have that . This is in contrast to syntactically computing , when as
formal polynomials. In this paper, we study the question of proving lower
bounds for homogeneous depth- and depth- arithmetic circuits for
functional computation. We prove the following results :
1. Exponential lower bounds homogeneous depth- arithmetic circuits for a
polynomial in .
2. Exponential lower bounds for homogeneous depth- arithmetic circuits
with bounded individual degree for a polynomial in .
Our main motivation for this line of research comes from our observation that
strong enough functional lower bounds for even very special depth-
arithmetic circuits for the Permanent imply a separation between and
. Thus, improving the second result to get rid of the bounded individual
degree condition could lead to substantial progress in boolean circuit
complexity. Besides, it is known from a recent result of Kumar and Saptharishi
[KS15] that over constant sized finite fields, strong enough average case
functional lower bounds for homogeneous depth- circuits imply
superpolynomial lower bounds for homogeneous depth- circuits.
Our proofs are based on a family of new complexity measures called shifted
evaluation dimension, and might be of independent interest
Toric grammars: a new statistical approach to natural language modeling
We propose a new statistical model for computational linguistics. Rather than
trying to estimate directly the probability distribution of a random sentence
of the language, we define a Markov chain on finite sets of sentences with many
finite recurrent communicating classes and define our language model as the
invariant probability measures of the chain on each recurrent communicating
class. This Markov chain, that we call a communication model, recombines at
each step randomly the set of sentences forming its current state, using some
grammar rules. When the grammar rules are fixed and known in advance instead of
being estimated on the fly, we can prove supplementary mathematical properties.
In particular, we can prove in this case that all states are recurrent states,
so that the chain defines a partition of its state space into finite recurrent
communicating classes. We show that our approach is a decisive departure from
Markov models at the sentence level and discuss its relationships with Context
Free Grammars. Although the toric grammars we use are closely related to
Context Free Grammars, the way we generate the language from the grammar is
qualitatively different. Our communication model has two purposes. On the one
hand, it is used to define indirectly the probability distribution of a random
sentence of the language. On the other hand it can serve as a (crude) model of
language transmission from one speaker to another speaker through the
communication of a (large) set of sentences
Branching Bisimilarity on Normed BPA Is EXPTIME-complete
We put forward an exponential-time algorithm for deciding branching
bisimilarity on normed BPA (Bacis Process Algebra) systems. The decidability of
branching (or weak) bisimilarity on normed BPA was once a long standing open
problem which was closed by Yuxi Fu. The EXPTIME-hardness is an inference of a
slight modification of the reduction presented by Richard Mayr. Our result
claims that this problem is EXPTIME-complete.Comment: We correct many typing errors, add several remarks and an interesting
toy exampl
Symmetric Groups and Quotient Complexity of Boolean Operations
The quotient complexity of a regular language L is the number of left
quotients of L, which is the same as the state complexity of L. Suppose that L
and L' are binary regular languages with quotient complexities m and n, and
that the transition semigroups of the minimal deterministic automata accepting
L and L' are the symmetric groups S_m and S_n of degrees m and n, respectively.
Denote by o any binary boolean operation that is not a constant and not a
function of one argument only. For m,n >= 2 with (m,n) not in
{(2,2),(3,4),(4,3),(4,4)} we prove that the quotient complexity of LoL' is mn
if and only either (a) m is not equal to n or (b) m=n and the bases (ordered
pairs of generators) of S_m and S_n are not conjugate. For (m,n)\in
{(2,2),(3,4),(4,3),(4,4)} we give examples to show that this need not hold. In
proving these results we generalize the notion of uniform minimality to direct
products of automata. We also establish a non-trivial connection between
complexity of boolean operations and group theory
Every locally characterized affine-invariant property is testable
Let F = F_p for any fixed prime p >= 2. An affine-invariant property is a
property of functions on F^n that is closed under taking affine transformations
of the domain. We prove that all affine-invariant property having local
characterizations are testable. In fact, we show a proximity-oblivious test for
any such property P, meaning that there is a test that, given an input function
f, makes a constant number of queries to f, always accepts if f satisfies P,
and rejects with positive probability if the distance between f and P is
nonzero. More generally, we show that any affine-invariant property that is
closed under taking restrictions to subspaces and has bounded complexity is
testable.
We also prove that any property that can be described as the property of
decomposing into a known structure of low-degree polynomials is locally
characterized and is, hence, testable. For example, whether a function is a
product of two degree-d polynomials, whether a function splits into a product
of d linear polynomials, and whether a function has low rank are all examples
of degree-structural properties and are therefore locally characterized.
Our results depend on a new Gowers inverse theorem by Tao and Ziegler for low
characteristic fields that decomposes any polynomial with large Gowers norm
into a function of low-degree non-classical polynomials. We establish a new
equidistribution result for high rank non-classical polynomials that drives the
proofs of both the testability results and the local characterization of
degree-structural properties
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