Safe Intelligent Driver Assistance System in V2X Communication Environments based on IoT

In the modern world, power and speed of cars have increased steadily, as traffic continued to increase. At the same time highway-related fatalities and injuries due to road incidents are constantly growing and safety problems come first. Therefore, the development of Driver Assistance Systems (DAS) has become a major issue. Numerous innovations, systems and technologies have been developed in order to improve road transportation and safety. Modern computer vision algorithms enable cars to understand the road environment with low miss rates. A number of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs), Vehicle Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) have been applied in the different cities over the world. Recently, a new global paradigm, known as the Internet of Things (IoT) brings new idea to update the existing solutions. Vehicle-to-Infrastructure communication based on IoT technologies would be a next step in intelligent transportation for the future Internet-of-Vehicles (IoV). The overall purpose of this research was to come up with a scalable IoT solution for driver assistance, which allows to combine safety relevant information for a driver from different types of in-vehicle sensors, in-vehicle DAS, vehicle networks and driver`s gadgets. This study brushed up on the evolution and state-of-the-art of Vehicle Systems. Existing ITSs, VANETs and DASs were evaluated in the research. The study proposed a design approach for the future development of transport systems applying IoT paradigm to the transport safety applications in order to enable driver assistance become part of Internet of Vehicles (IoV). The research proposed the architecture of the Safe Intelligent DAS (SiDAS) based on IoT V2X communications in order to combine different types of data from different available devices and vehicle systems. The research proposed IoT ARM structure for SiDAS, data flow diagrams, protocols. The study proposes several IoT system structures for the vehicle-pedestrian and vehicle-vehicle collision prediction as case studies for the flexible SiDAS framework architecture. The research has demonstrated the significant increase in driver situation awareness by using IoT SiDAS, especially in NLOS conditions. Moreover, the time analysis, taking into account IoT, Cloud, LTE and DSRS latency, has been provided for different collision scenarios, in order to evaluate the overall system latency and ensure applicability for real-time driver emergency notification. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed SiDAS improves traffic safety

Cooperative Caching in Vehicular Networks - Distributed Cache Invalidation Using Information Freshness

Recent advances in vehicular communications has led to significant opportunities to deploy variety of applications and services improving road safety and traffic efficiency to road users. In regard to traffic management services in distributed vehicular networks, this thesis work evaluates managing storage at vehicles efficiently as cache for moderate cellular transmission costs while still achieving correct routing decision. Road status information was disseminated to oncoming traffic in the form of cellular notifications using a reporting mechanism. High transmission costs due to redundant notifications published by all vehicles following a basic reporting mechanism: Default-approach was overcome by implementing caching at every vehicle. A cooperative based reporting mechanism utilizing cache: Cooperative-approach, was proposed to notify road status while avoiding redundant notifications. In order to account those significantly relevant vehicles for decision-making process which did not actually publish, correspondingly virtual cache entries were implemented. To incorporate the real-world scenario of varying vehicular rate observed on any road, virtual cache entries based on varying vehicular rate was modeled as Adaptive Cache Management mechanism. The combinations of proposed mechanisms were evaluated for cellular transmission costs and accuracy achieved for making correct routing decision. Simulation case studies comprising varying vehicular densities and different false detection rates were conducted to demonstrate the performance of these mechanisms. Additionally, the proposed mechanisms were evaluated in different decision-making algorithms for both information freshness in changing road conditions and for robustness despite false detections. The simulation results demonstrated that the combination of proposed mechanisms was capable of achieving realistic information accuracy enough to make correct routing decision despite false readings while keeping network costs significantly low. Furthermore, using QoI-based decision algorithm in high density vehicular networks, fast adaptability to frequently changing road conditions as well as quick recovery from false notifications by invalidating them with correct notifications were indicated

Cooperation as a Service in VANET: Implementation and Simulation Results

The past decade has witnessed the emergence of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET), specializing from the well-known Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) to Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) wireless communications. While the original motivation for Vehicular Networks was to promote traffic safety, recently it has become increasingly obvious that Vehicular Networks open new vistas for Internet access, providing weather or road condition, parking availability, distributed gaming, and advertisement. In previous papers [27,28], we introduced Cooperation as a Service (CaaS); a new service-oriented solution which enables improved and new services for the road users and an optimized use of the road network through vehicle\u27s cooperation and vehicle-to-vehicle communications. The current paper is an extension of the first ones; it describes an improved version of CaaS and provides its full implementation details and simulation results. CaaS structures the network into clusters, and uses Content Based Routing (CBR) for intra-cluster communications and DTN (Delay and disruption-Tolerant Network) routing for inter-cluster communications. To show the feasibility of our approach, we implemented and tested CaaS using Opnet modeler software package. Simulation results prove the correctness of our protocol and indicate that CaaS achieves higher performance as compared to an Epidemic approach

Application Protocols enabling Internet of Remote Things via Random Access Satellite Channels

Nowadays, Machine-to-Machine (M2M) and Internet of Things (IoT) traffic rate is increasing at a fast pace. The use of satellites is expected to play a large role in delivering such a traffic. In this work, we investigate the use of two of the most common M2M/IoT protocols stacks on a satellite Random Access (RA) channel, based on DVB-RCS2 standard. The metric under consideration is the completion time, in order to identify the protocol stack that can provide the best performance level

A Systematic Process for Implementing Gateways for Test Tools

Test automation is facing a new challenge because tools, as well as having to provide conventional test functionalities, must be capable to interact with ever more heterogeneous complex systems under test (SUT). The number of existing software interfaces to access these systems is also a growing number. The problem cannot be analyzed only from a technical or engineering perspective; the economic perspective is as important. This paper presents a process to systematically implement gateways which support the communication between test tools and SUTs with a reduced cost. The proposed solution does not preclude any interface protocol at the SUT side. This process is supported using a generic architecture of a gateway defined on top of OSGi. Any test tool can communicate with the gateway through a unique defined interface. To communicate the gateway and the SUT, basically, the driver corresponding to the SUT software interface has to be loaded

Conhecimento da mobilidade do consumidor em redes centradas em informação

Mobile data traffic is expanding significantly since the surge and evolution of wireless communication technologies, leading to the design and implementation of different types of mobile networks. Information Centric Network paradigms have been pointed as an alternative to bypass the restrictions imposed by the traditional IP Networks, such as the one imposed by the mobility of its users. Despite their potential advantages regarding mobile wireless environments, several significant research challenges remain to be addressed, more specifically the communication damage due to handover, causing loss of packets. The scope of this dissertation is the development of NDN-based mechanisms with support for Consumer mobility in two different communication approaches: single content request and publish-subscribe. The proposed schemes address a remote mobility predictor entity, whose purpose is to monitor and anticipate trajectories, while compelling the infrastructure to adjust to the new paths, resulting in an efficient way to manage the consumers’ mobility with the purpose of attaining a better quality of service to users. The implementation and evaluation of the proposed schemes were performed using ndnSIM, through functional and non-functional scenarios. The latter uses real traces of urban mobility and connectivity. The obtained results show that the proposed solution far surpasses the native NDN workflow and the traditional publish-subscribe solutions with respect to content delivery ratio and network overhead.O tráfego de dados móveis tem vindo a crescer significativamente, sobretudo devido à evolução das tecnologias de comunicação sem fios, o que tem vindo a implicar o desenho e implementação de novos e diferentes tipos de redes móveis. Os paradigmas de redes centradas em informação têm sido apontados como uma alternativa para contornar as restrições impostas pelas redes tradicionais IP, nomeadamente a mobilidade dos seus utilizadores. Apesar das potenciais vantagens em relação aos ambientes móveis sem fios, vários desafios de investigação ainda necessitam de ser resolvidos, mais especificamente aqueles relacionados com o processo de handover dos seus utilizadores móveis, levando por vezes à perda de informação. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de mecanismos de suporte à mobilidade do Consumidor para redes ICN, utilizando duas abordagens distintas de comunicação: solicitação única de conteúdo e o modelo publish − subscribe. Os esquemas propostos exploram uma entidade remota de previsão de mobilidade, cujo objetivo é monitorizar e antecipar eventuais trajetórias de posição dos utilizadores móveis, obrigando a infraestrutura a ajustar-se aos novos caminhos do consumidor, resultando numa forma eficiente de gestão de mobilidade dos utilizadores com o objetivo de garantir uma melhor qualidade de serviço. A implementação e avaliação dos esquemas propostos foi realizada utilizando o ndnSIM, em cenários funcionais e não funcionais. Estes últimos utilizam registos reais de mobilidade e conetividade urbana. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a solução proposta ultrapassa significativamenta a versão nativa do NDN e as soluções tradicionais de publish − subscribe, considerando a taxa de entrega de conteúdos e sobrecarga da rede.Mestrado em Engenharia de Computadores e Telemátic

Recolha de dados em veículos conectados para aplicações de segurança rodoviária

The increasing growth of the automobile industry and the need of overusing personal vehicles amplifies problems directly related to road safety, such as the degradation of the quality of the roads, the increase in volume of the automobile flow, and through the addition of dangerous weather events caused by climate change. To alleviate these emerging problems, intelligent cooperative communication systems (C-ITS) and Internet of Things (IoT) solutions emerge, allowing the overcome of human and local sensory systems limitations through the collection and distribution of relevant data in connected vehicles, which is fundamental in finding solutions that transform the concept of Smart Cities into reality. This dissertation implements an intra- and inter-vehicle sensory data collection system, starting with the acquisition of relevant data present on the CAN bus, collected through the vehicle’s OBD-II port and external sensors. Use is made of short-range communications such as Bluetooth-Low-Energy (BLE), Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) in conjunction with long-range cellular communications (LTE/5G). Data access endpoints are provided through an API and a MQTT broker. At last, logging methods are developed to allow conscious debugging of these systems, as well as to evaluate timing restrictions. The results of the experimental tests carried out reveal the usefulness of the acquired data, which allows the realization of detailed longitudinal analyzes of dangerous roads, as well as notifying, in near real-time, adverse road conditions to drivers. Therefore, the data collection system developed reveals itself as a potentially valuable tool for providing useful information both to competent authorities and to the common population, as a method to improve road safety.O constante crescimento da indústria automóvel e a necessidade do sobreuso do veículo pessoal amplificam problemas diretamente relacionados com a segurança rodoviária, tais como a degradação da qualidade das estradas, o aumento do volume de fluxo automóvel e o acréscimo de eventos metereológicos perigosos causados pelas alterações climáticas. Como forma de atenuar estes problemas emergentes, surgem os sistemas inteligentes de comunicação cooperativos (C-ITS) e de internet das coisas (IoT), que permitem ultrapassar limitações humanas e de sistemas sensoriais locais através da recolha e distribuição de dados em veículos conectados, algo fundamental para encontrar soluções que transformem o conceito de Smart City em realidade. A presente dissertação implementa um sistema de recolha de dados sensoriais intra- e inter-veículares, começando pela aquisição de dados relavantes presentes no barramento CAN, coletados através da porta OBD-II do veículo e de sensores externos. É feito uso de comunicações de curto alcance tais como Bluetooth-Low-Energy (BLE), Veículo-a-Veículo (V2V), e Veículo-a-Infrastrutura (V2I) em conjunto com comunicações celulares de longo alcance (LTE/5G). São fornecido endpoints de acesso aos dados através duma API e de um broker MQTT. Por fim métodos de logging são desenvolvidos para permitir depuração consciente destes sistemas e avalição de requisitos temporais. Os resultados dos testes experimentais efetuados revelam a utilidade forte que os dados adquiridos contém, por permitirem a realização de análises longitudinais detalhadas a estradas de perigo, assim como para fornecimento, em quase tempo-real, de condições adversas da estrada a condutores. Deste modo, o sistema de recolha de dados desenvolvido revela-se como ferramenta potencialmente valiosa para o fornecimento de informação útil tanto a autoridades competentes como à população comum, como meio de melhoria da segurança rodoviária.Mestrado em Engenharia de Computadores e Telemátic