Desarrollo de una forma de onda GFDM con radio definida por software

In this paper the performance of a Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing waveform is evaluated when compared to an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing signal. For the development of the previous waveforms, the GNU radio software and the Software Defined Radio (SDR) equipment USRP N210 are used. Through a spectrum analyzer the power of both waveforms are measured and the Out-of-Band Radiation is analyzed. Then, the results obtained are compared and the advantages and disadvantages of the implementation of GFDM as a waveform within the fifth generation systems are exposed.En este documento se evalúa el desempeño de una forma de onda GFDM (Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing) que es comparada con una señal OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). Para el desarrollo de las anteriores formas de onda se utilizan el software GNU radio y los equipos de Radio Definida por Software (SDR) USRP N210. Mediante un analizador de espectros se mide la potencia de ambas formas de onda y se analiza la Radiación Fuera de Banda (OOB). Luego, se comparan los resultados obtenidos y se exponen las ventajas e inconvenientes de la implementación de GFDM como forma de onda dentro de los sistemas de quinta generación

Cognition-inspired 5G cellular networks: a review and the road ahead

Despite the evolution of cellular networks, spectrum scarcity and the lack of intelligent and autonomous capabilities remain a cause for concern. These problems have resulted in low network capacity, high signaling overhead, inefficient data forwarding, and low scalability, which are expected to persist as the stumbling blocks to deploy, support and scale next-generation applications, including smart city and virtual reality. Fifth-generation (5G) cellular networking, along with its salient operational characteristics - including the cognitive and cooperative capabilities, network virtualization, and traffic offload - can address these limitations to cater to future scenarios characterized by highly heterogeneous, ultra-dense, and highly variable environments. Cognitive radio (CR) and cognition cycle (CC) are key enabling technologies for 5G. CR enables nodes to explore and use underutilized licensed channels; while CC has been embedded in CR nodes to learn new knowledge and adapt to network dynamics. CR and CC have brought advantages to a cognition-inspired 5G cellular network, including addressing the spectrum scarcity problem, promoting interoperation among heterogeneous entities, and providing intelligence and autonomous capabilities to support 5G core operations, such as smart beamforming. In this paper, we present the attributes of 5G and existing state of the art focusing on how CR and CC have been adopted in 5G to provide spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, improved quality of service and experience, and cost efficiency. This main contribution of this paper is to complement recent work by focusing on the networking aspect of CR and CC applied to 5G due to the urgent need to investigate, as well as to further enhance, CR and CC as core mechanisms to support 5G. This paper is aspired to establish a foundation and to spark new research interest in this topic. Open research opportunities and platform implementation are also presented to stimulate new research initiatives in this exciting area

A review of commercialisation mechanisms for carbon dioxide removal

The deployment of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) needs to be scaled up to achieve net zero emission pledges. In this paper we survey the policy mechanisms currently in place globally to incentivise CDR, together with an estimate of what different mechanisms are paying per tonne of CDR, and how those costs are currently distributed. Incentive structures are grouped into three structures, market-based, public procurement, and fiscal mechanisms. We find the majority of mechanisms currently in operation are underresourced and pay too little to enable a portfolio of CDR that could support achievement of net zero. The majority of mechanisms are concentrated in market-based and fiscal structures, specifically carbon markets and subsidies. While not primarily motivated by CDR, mechanisms tend to support established afforestation and soil carbon sequestration methods. Mechanisms for geological CDR remain largely underdeveloped relative to the requirements of modelled net zero scenarios. Commercialisation pathways for CDR require suitable policies and markets throughout the projects development cycle. Discussion and investment in CDR has tended to focus on technology development. Our findings suggest that an equal or greater emphasis on policy innovation may be required if future requirements for CDR are to be met. This study can further support research and policy on the identification of incentive gaps and realistic potential for CDR globally