5,549 research outputs found
Aerospace medicine and biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes (supplement 349)
This bibliography lists 149 reports, articles and other documents introduced into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information System during April, 1991. Subject coverage includes: aerospace medicine and psychology, life support systems and controlled environments, safety equipment, exobiology and extraterrestrial life, and flight crew behavior and performance
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Astigmatism and Pseudoaccommodation in Pseudophakic Eyes
noAdvanced IOLs with circumferential zones of different power provide pseudoaccommodation. We investigated the potential for power variation with meridian, namely astigmatism, to provide pseudo-accommodation. With appropriate power and axis orientations, acceptable pseudo-accommodation can be achieved
Space life sciences: A status report
The scientific research and supporting technology development conducted in the Space Life Sciences Program is described. Accomplishments of the past year are highlighted. Plans for future activities are outlined. Some specific areas of study include the following: Crew health and safety; What happens to humans in space; Gravity, life, and space; Sustenance in space; Life and planet Earth; Life in the Universe; Promoting good science and good will; Building a future for the space life sciences; and Benefits of space life sciences research
Understanding, Assessing, and Mitigating Safety Risks in Artificial Intelligence Systems
Prepared for: Naval Air Warfare Development Center (NAVAIR)Traditional software safety techniques rely on validating software against a deductively defined specification of how the software should behave in particular
situations. In the case of AI systems, specifications are often implicit or inductively defined. Data-driven methods are subject to sampling error since practical
datasets cannot provide exhaustive coverage of all possible events in a real physical environment. Traditional software verification and validation approaches may
not apply directly to these novel systems, complicating the operation of systems safety analysis (such as implemented in MIL-STD 882). However, AI offers
advanced capabilities, and it is desirable to ensure the safety of systems that rely on these capabilities. When AI tech is deployed in a weapon system, robot, or
planning system, unwanted events are possible. Several techniques can support the evaluation process for understanding the nature and likelihood of unwanted
events in AI systems and making risk decisions on naval employment. This research considers the state of the art, evaluating which ones are most likely to be
employable, usable, and correct. Techniques include software analysis, simulation environments, and mathematical determinations.Naval Air Warfare Development CenterNaval Postgraduate School, Naval Research Program (PE 0605853N/2098)Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimite
Development and Validation of ML-DQA -- a Machine Learning Data Quality Assurance Framework for Healthcare
The approaches by which the machine learning and clinical research
communities utilize real world data (RWD), including data captured in the
electronic health record (EHR), vary dramatically. While clinical researchers
cautiously use RWD for clinical investigations, ML for healthcare teams consume
public datasets with minimal scrutiny to develop new algorithms. This study
bridges this gap by developing and validating ML-DQA, a data quality assurance
framework grounded in RWD best practices. The ML-DQA framework is applied to
five ML projects across two geographies, different medical conditions, and
different cohorts. A total of 2,999 quality checks and 24 quality reports were
generated on RWD gathered on 247,536 patients across the five projects. Five
generalizable practices emerge: all projects used a similar method to group
redundant data element representations; all projects used automated utilities
to build diagnosis and medication data elements; all projects used a common
library of rules-based transformations; all projects used a unified approach to
assign data quality checks to data elements; and all projects used a similar
approach to clinical adjudication. An average of 5.8 individuals, including
clinicians, data scientists, and trainees, were involved in implementing ML-DQA
for each project and an average of 23.4 data elements per project were either
transformed or removed in response to ML-DQA. This study demonstrates the
importance role of ML-DQA in healthcare projects and provides teams a framework
to conduct these essential activities.Comment: Presented at 2022 Machine Learning in Health Care Conferenc
Fuzzy Logic in Clinical Practice Decision Support Systems
Computerized clinical guidelines can provide significant benefits to health outcomes and costs, however, their effective implementation presents significant problems. Vagueness and ambiguity inherent in natural (textual) clinical guidelines is not readily amenable to formulating automated alerts or advice. Fuzzy logic allows us to formalize the treatment of vagueness in a decision support architecture. This paper discusses sources of fuzziness in clinical practice guidelines. We consider how fuzzy logic can be applied and give a set of heuristics for the clinical guideline knowledge engineer for addressing uncertainty in practice guidelines. We describe the specific applicability of fuzzy logic to the decision support behavior of Care Plan On-Line, an intranet-based chronic care planning system for General Practitioners
Mixed-Integer Projections for Automated Data Correction of EMRs Improve Predictions of Sepsis among Hospitalized Patients
Machine learning (ML) models are increasingly pivotal in automating clinical
decisions. Yet, a glaring oversight in prior research has been the lack of
proper processing of Electronic Medical Record (EMR) data in the clinical
context for errors and outliers. Addressing this oversight, we introduce an
innovative projections-based method that seamlessly integrates clinical
expertise as domain constraints, generating important meta-data that can be
used in ML workflows. In particular, by using high-dimensional mixed-integer
programs that capture physiological and biological constraints on patient
vitals and lab values, we can harness the power of mathematical "projections"
for the EMR data to correct patient data. Consequently, we measure the distance
of corrected data from the constraints defining a healthy range of patient
data, resulting in a unique predictive metric we term as "trust-scores". These
scores provide insight into the patient's health status and significantly boost
the performance of ML classifiers in real-life clinical settings. We validate
the impact of our framework in the context of early detection of sepsis using
ML. We show an AUROC of 0.865 and a precision of 0.922, that surpasses
conventional ML models without such projections
The SWORD is Mightier Than the Interview: A Framework for Semi-automatic WORkaround Detection
Workarounds can give valuable insights into the work processes that are carried out within organizations. To date, workarounds are usually identified using qualitative methods, such as interviews. We propose the semi-automated WORkaround Detection (SWORD) framework, which takes event logs as input. This extensible framework uses twenty-two patterns to semi-automatically detect workarounds. The value of the SWORD framework is that it can help to identify workarounds more efficiently and more thoroughly than is possible by the use of a more traditional, qualitative approach. Through the use of real hospital data, we demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the SWORD framework in practice. We focused on the use of three patterns, which all turned out to be applicable to the characteristics of the data set. The use of two of these patterns also led to the identification of actual workarounds. Future work is geared to the extension of the patterns within the framework and the enhancement of techniques that can help to identify these in real-world data
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Evaluating the resilience and security of boundaryless, evolving socio-technical Systems of Systems
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Relationship between latent and rebound viruses in a clinical trial of anti-HIV-1 antibody 3BNC117.
A clinical trial was performed to evaluate 3BNC117, a potent anti-HIV-1 antibody, in infected individuals during suppressive antiretroviral therapy and subsequent analytical treatment interruption (ATI). The circulating reservoir was evaluated by quantitative and qualitative viral outgrowth assay (Q2VOA) at entry and after 6 mo. There were no significant quantitative changes in the size of the reservoir before ATI, and the composition of circulating reservoir clones varied in a manner that did not correlate with 3BNC117 sensitivity. 3BNC117 binding site amino acid variants found in rebound viruses preexisted in the latent reservoir. However, only 3 of 217 rebound viruses were identical to 868 latent viruses isolated by Q2VOA and near full-length sequencing. Instead, 63% of the rebound viruses appeared to be recombinants, even in individuals with 3BNC117-resistant reservoir viruses. In conclusion, viruses emerging during ATI in individuals treated with 3BNC117 are not the dominant species found in the circulating latent reservoir, but frequently appear to represent recombinants of latent viruses
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