A survey of localization in wireless sensor network

Localization is one of the key techniques in wireless sensor network. The location estimation methods can be classified into target/source localization and node self-localization. In target localization, we mainly introduce the energy-based method. Then we investigate the node self-localization methods. Since the widespread adoption of the wireless sensor network, the localization methods are different in various applications. And there are several challenges in some special scenarios. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of these challenges: localization in non-line-of-sight, node selection criteria for localization in energy-constrained network, scheduling the sensor node to optimize the tradeoff between localization performance and energy consumption, cooperative node localization, and localization algorithm in heterogeneous network. Finally, we introduce the evaluation criteria for localization in wireless sensor network

Localization of nodes in wired and wireless networks

This thesis focuses on the implementation of algorithms for localization of nodes in wired and wireless networks. The thesis is organized into two papers. The first paper presents the localization algorithms based on time of arrival (TOA) and time difference of arrival (TDOA) techniques for computer networks such as the Internet by using round-trip-time (RTT) measurements obtained from known positions of the gateway nodes. The RTT values provide an approximate measure of distance between the gateway nodes and an unknown node. The least squares technique is then used to obtain an estimated position of the unknown node. The second paper presents localization of an unknown node during route setup messages in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks using a new routing protocol. A proactive multi-interface multichannel routing (MMCR) protocol, recently developed at Missouri S&T, was implemented on the Missouri S&T motes. This protocol calculates link costs based on a composite metric defined using the available end-to-end delay, energy utilization, and bandwidth, and it chooses the path that minimizes the link cost factor to effectively route the information to the required destination. Experimental results indicate enhanced performance in terms of quality of service, and implementation of this protocol requires no modification to the current IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol. Received signal strength indicator (RSSI) values are recorded from the relay nodes (gateway nodes) to the unknown node during route setup messages. The location of the unknown node is estimated using these values with some a priori profiling and the known positions of the relay nodes as inputs to the least squares technique --Abstract, page iv

Radio Communications

In the last decades the restless evolution of information and communication technologies (ICT) brought to a deep transformation of our habits. The growth of the Internet and the advances in hardware and software implementations modified our way to communicate and to share information. In this book, an overview of the major issues faced today by researchers in the field of radio communications is given through 35 high quality chapters written by specialists working in universities and research centers all over the world. Various aspects will be deeply discussed: channel modeling, beamforming, multiple antennas, cooperative networks, opportunistic scheduling, advanced admission control, handover management, systems performance assessment, routing issues in mobility conditions, localization, web security. Advanced techniques for the radio resource management will be discussed both in single and multiple radio technologies; either in infrastructure, mesh or ad hoc networks

QoS constrained cellular ad hoc augmented networks

In this dissertation, based on different design criteria, three novel quality of service (QoS) constrained cellular ad hoc augmented network (CAHAN) architectures are proposed for next generation wireless networks. The CAHAN architectures have a hybrid architecture, in which each MT of CDMA cellular networks has ad hoc communication capability. The CAHAN architectures are an evolutionary approach to conventional cellular networks. The proposed architectures have good system scalability and high system reliability. The first proposed architecture is the QoS constrained minimum-power cellular ad hoc augmented network architecture (QCMP CAHAN). The QCMP CAHAN can find the optimal minimum-power routes under the QoS constraints (bandwidth, packet-delay, or packet-error-rate constraint). The total energy consumed by the MTs is lower in the case of QCMP CAHAN than in the case of pure cellular networks. As the ad hoc communication range of each MT increases, the total transmitted power in QCMP CAHAN decreases. However, due to the increased number of hops involved in information delivery between the source and the destination, the end-to-end delay increases. The maximum end-to-end delay will be limited to a specified tolerable value for different services. An MT in QCMP CAHAN will not relay any messages when its ad hoc communication range is zero, and if this is the case for all MTs, then QCMP CAHAN reduces to the traditional cellular network. A QoS constrained network lifetime extension cellular ad hoc augmented network architecture (QCLE CAHAN) is proposed to achieve the maximum network lifetime under the QoS constraints. The network lifetime is higher in the case of QCLE CAHAN than in the case of pure cellular networks or QCMP CAHAN. In QCLE CAHAN, a novel QoS-constrained network lifetime extension routing algorithm will dynamically select suitable ad-hoc-switch-to-cellular points (ASCPs) according to the MT remaining battery energy such that the selection will balance all the MT battery energy and maximizes the network lifetime. As the number of ASCPs in an ad hoc subnet decreases, the network lifetime will be extended. Maximum network lifetime can be increased until the end-to-end QoS in QCLE CAHAN reaches its maximum tolerable value. Geocasting is the mechanism to multicast messages to the MTs whose locations lie within a given geographic area (target area). Geolocation-aware CAHAN (GA CAHAN) architecture is proposed to improve total transmitted power expended for geocast services in cellular networks. By using GA CAHAN for geocasting, saving in total transmitted energy can be achieved as compared to the case of pure cellular networks. When the size of geocast target area is large, GA CAHAN can save larger transmitted energy

Étude et positionnement utilisant le réseau de capteur sans fil dans un environnement minier souterrain

La sécurité et la communication posent des problèmes majeurs auxquels il faut remédier dans les environnements hostiles comme les mines souterraines. Pour une communication fiable ainsi que pour tracer la position exacte d’un objet dans les mines souterraines, différentes technologies ont été déployé. Parmi ces dernières, le réseau de capteurs sans fil est considéré comme un outil prometteur pour les applications basées sur la localisation, à savoir, la surveillance des lieux, le repérage des mobiles et la navigation. En fait, les réseaux de capteur sans-fil fournissent une couverture d’une vaste gamme d’équipements fiables, efficaces, tolérants aux défaillances et évolutives. Cependant, les travaux de recherches précédents ont divisé la localisation en deux parties: les méthodes basées sur la portée et celles non-basées sur la portée. Où la première est précise et coûteuse tandis que la deuxième est présentée pour réduire la quantité d’énergie consommée du côté capteur dont les ressources sont limitées. Notre recherche se focalise sur la localisation basée sur la portée utilisant le réseau de capteurs sans fil dans les milieux internes et mines souterrains. Plusieurs techniques ont été proposées pour la localisation comme la réception de l'indicateur de force de signal (RSSI), le temps d'arrivée (TOA), la différence de temps d'arrivée (TDOA), l'angle d'arrivée (AOA). Bien que plusieurs travaux de recherches utilisant ces techniques aient été exécutés, l'approche de localisation à base de temps pour les environnements complexe comme la mine souterraine demeure limitée. Cette thèse offre de nouvelles solutions pour combler l’écart entre la localisation à base de temps et le réseau de capteurs sans fil à haute précision, pour l’environnement minier souterrain. De plus, nous avons utilisé une technologie émergente, à savoir les communications ultra-large bande, pour booster la performance et l'exactitude. Notre travail de recherche est subdivisé en deux principales parties : une partie simulation et une partie pratique. Dans la première, nous avons utilisé MATLAB pour faire les différentes simulations. La deuxième partie consiste en plusieurs mesures pratiques réalisées dans un environnement intérieur ainsi que dans une mine souterraine. Les résultats montrent une amélioration remarquable et une meilleure précision de la technique UWB à base de temps

Direct communication radio Iinterface for new radio multicasting and cooperative positioning

Cotutela: Universidad de defensa UNIVERSITA’ MEDITERRANEA DI REGGIO CALABRIARecently, the popularity of Millimeter Wave (mmWave) wireless networks has increased due to their capability to cope with the escalation of mobile data demands caused by the unprecedented proliferation of smart devices in the fifth-generation (5G). Extremely high frequency or mmWave band is a fundamental pillar in the provision of the expected gigabit data rates. Hence, according to both academic and industrial communities, mmWave technology, e.g., 5G New Radio (NR) and WiGig (60 GHz), is considered as one of the main components of 5G and beyond networks. Particularly, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) provides for the use of licensed mmWave sub-bands for the 5G mmWave cellular networks, whereas IEEE actively explores the unlicensed band at 60 GHz for the next-generation wireless local area networks. In this regard, mmWave has been envisaged as a new technology layout for real-time heavy-traffic and wearable applications. This very work is devoted to solving the problem of mmWave band communication system while enhancing its advantages through utilizing the direct communication radio interface for NR multicasting, cooperative positioning, and mission-critical applications. The main contributions presented in this work include: (i) a set of mathematical frameworks and simulation tools to characterize multicast traffic delivery in mmWave directional systems; (ii) sidelink relaying concept exploitation to deal with the channel condition deterioration of dynamic multicast systems and to ensure mission-critical and ultra-reliable low-latency communications; (iii) cooperative positioning techniques analysis for enhancing cellular positioning accuracy for 5G+ emerging applications that require not only improved communication characteristics but also precise localization. Our study indicates the need for additional mechanisms/research that can be utilized: (i) to further improve multicasting performance in 5G/6G systems; (ii) to investigate sideline aspects, including, but not limited to, standardization perspective and the next relay selection strategies; and (iii) to design cooperative positioning systems based on Device-to-Device (D2D) technology