4,433 research outputs found
Mechanics of motility initiation and motility arrest in crawling cells
Motility initiation in crawling cells requires transformation of a symmetric
state into a polarized state. In contrast, motility arrest is associated with
re-symmetrization of the internal configuration of a cell. Experiments on
keratocytes suggest that polarization is triggered by the increased
contractility of motor proteins but the conditions of re-symmetrization remain
unknown. In this paper we show that if adhesion with the extra-cellular
substrate is sufficiently low, the progressive intensification of motor-induced
contraction may be responsible for both transitions: from static (symmetric) to
motile (polarized) at a lower contractility threshold and from motile
(polarized) back to static (symmetric) at a higher contractility threshold. Our
model of lamellipodial cell motility is based on a 1D projection of the complex
intra-cellular dynamics on the direction of locomotion. In the interest of
analytical transparency we also neglect active protrusion and view adhesion as
passive. Despite the unavoidable oversimplifications associated with these
assumptions, the model reproduces quantitatively the motility initiation
pattern in fish keratocytes and reveals a crucial role played in cell motility
by the nonlocal feedback between the mechanics and the transport of active
agents. A prediction of the model that a crawling cell can stop and
re-symmetrize when contractility increases sufficiently far beyond the motility
initiation threshold still awaits experimental verification
Chemotaxis: a feedback-based computational model robustly predicts multiple aspects of real cell behaviour
The mechanism of eukaryotic chemotaxis remains unclear despite intensive study. The most frequently described mechanism acts through attractants causing actin polymerization, in turn leading to pseudopod formation and cell movement. We recently proposed an alternative mechanism, supported by several lines of data, in which pseudopods are made by a self-generated cycle. If chemoattractants are present, they modulate the cycle rather than directly causing actin polymerization. The aim of this work is to test the explanatory and predictive powers of such pseudopod-based models to predict the complex behaviour of cells in chemotaxis. We have now tested the effectiveness of this mechanism using a computational model of cell movement and chemotaxis based on pseudopod autocatalysis. The model reproduces a surprisingly wide range of existing data about cell movement and chemotaxis. It simulates cell polarization and persistence without stimuli and selection of accurate pseudopods when chemoattractant gradients are present. It predicts both bias of pseudopod position in low chemoattractant gradients and-unexpectedly-lateral pseudopod initiation in high gradients. To test the predictive ability of the model, we looked for untested and novel predictions. One prediction from the model is that the angle between successive pseudopods at the front of the cell will increase in proportion to the difference between the cell's direction and the direction of the gradient. We measured the angles between pseudopods in chemotaxing Dictyostelium cells under different conditions and found the results agreed with the model extremely well. Our model and data together suggest that in rapidly moving cells like Dictyostelium and neutrophils an intrinsic pseudopod cycle lies at the heart of cell motility. This implies that the mechanism behind chemotaxis relies on modification of intrinsic pseudopod behaviour, more than generation of new pseudopods or actin polymerization by chemoattractant
Three-dimensional microfabrication through a multimode optical fiber
Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, is an advanced
manufacturing technique that allows the fabrication of arbitrary macroscopic
and microscopic objects. All 3D printing systems require large optical elements
or nozzles in proximity to the built structure. This prevents their use in
applications in which there is no direct access to the area where the objects
have to be printed. Here, we demonstrate three-dimensional microfabrication
based on two-photon polymerization (TPP) with sub diffraction-limited
resolution through an ultra-thin, 50 mm long printing nozzle of 560 micrometers
in diameter. Using wavefront shaping, femtosecond infrared pulses are focused
and scanned through a multimode optical fiber (MMF) inside a photoresist that
polymerizes via two-photon absorption. We show the construction of arbitrary 3D
structures of 500 nm resolution on the other side of the fiber. To our
knowledge, this is the first demonstration of microfabrication through a
multimode optical fiber. Our work represents a new area which we refer to as
endofabrication
Recommended from our members
Stereolithography Cure Process Modeling Using Acrylate Resin
In this paper, a complex stereolithography (SL) cure process model is presented that
incorporates transient thermal and chemical effects which influence final part shape and
properties. The model incorporates photopolymerization, mass diffusion, and heat transfer.
Material properties are characterized and a comprehensive kinetic model parameterized for a
model compound system. SL process simulations are performed using finite element methods
with the software package FEMLAB, and validated by the capability of predicting the fabricated
part dimensions. A degree of cure (DOC) threshold model is proposed which can predict the cure
line size within 15% error, comparing with 30% prediction error by the exposure threshold
model currently used in SL. Furthermore, through the sensitivity analysis conducted by the
process model presented here, the sensitive parameters are identified and the SL bath
temperature, photointiator absorptivity and concentration are found to be the most sensitive
factors that affect the SL fabrication results. The sensitive variables will be the focus of further
research meant to improve SL process speed and resolution.Mechanical Engineerin
Snell\u27s Law of Refraction Observed in Thermal Frontal Polymerization
We demonstrate that Snell’s law of refraction can be applied to thermal fronts propagating through a boundary between regions that support distinct frontal velocities. We use the free-radical frontal polymerization of a triacrylate with clay filler that allows for two domains containing two different concentrations of a peroxide initiator to be molded together. Because the polymerization reaction rates depend on the initiator concentration, the propagation speed is different in each domain. We study fronts propagating in two parallel strips in which the incident angle is 90°. Our data fit Snell’s law vr/vi = sin θr/sin θi, where vr is the refracted velocity, vi is the incident velocity, θr is the angle of refraction, and θi is the incident angle. Further, we study circular fronts propagating radially from an initiation point in a high-velocity region into a low-velocity region (and vice versa). We demonstrate the close resemblance between the numerically simulated and experimentally observed thermal reaction fronts. By measuring the normal velocity and the angle of refraction of both simulated and experimental fronts, we establish that Snell’s law holds for thermal frontal polymerization in our experimental system. Finally we discuss the regimes in which Snell’s law may not be valid
- …