A survey of machine learning techniques applied to self organizing cellular networks

In this paper, a survey of the literature of the past fifteen years involving Machine Learning (ML) algorithms applied to self organizing cellular networks is performed. In order for future networks to overcome the current limitations and address the issues of current cellular systems, it is clear that more intelligence needs to be deployed, so that a fully autonomous and flexible network can be enabled. This paper focuses on the learning perspective of Self Organizing Networks (SON) solutions and provides, not only an overview of the most common ML techniques encountered in cellular networks, but also manages to classify each paper in terms of its learning solution, while also giving some examples. The authors also classify each paper in terms of its self-organizing use-case and discuss how each proposed solution performed. In addition, a comparison between the most commonly found ML algorithms in terms of certain SON metrics is performed and general guidelines on when to choose each ML algorithm for each SON function are proposed. Lastly, this work also provides future research directions and new paradigms that the use of more robust and intelligent algorithms, together with data gathered by operators, can bring to the cellular networks domain and fully enable the concept of SON in the near future

Radio network management in cognitive LTE-Femtocell Systems

This thesis was submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel University London.There is a strong uptake of femtocell deployment as small cell application platforms in the upcoming LTE networks. In such two-tier networks of LTEfemtocell base stations, a large portion of the assigned spectrum is used sporadically leading to underutilisation of valuable frequency resources. Novel spectrum access techniques are necessary to solve these current spectrum inefficiency problems. Therefore, spectrum management solutions should have the features to improve spectrum access in both temporal and spatial manner. Cognitive Radio (CR) with the Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) is considered to be the key technology in this research in order to increase the spectrum efficiency. This is an effective solution to allow a group of Secondary Users (SUs) to share the radio spectrum initially allocated to the Primary User (PUs) at no interference. The core aim of this thesis is to develop new cognitive LTE-femtocell systems that offer a 4G vision, to facilitate the radio network management in order to increase the network capacity and further improve spectrum access probabilities. In this thesis, a new spectrum management model for cognitive radio networks is considered to enable a seamless integration of multi-access technology with existing networks. This involves the design of efficient resource allocation algorithms that are able to respond to the rapid changes in the dynamic wireless environment and primary users activities. Throughout this thesis a variety of network upgraded functions are developed using application simulation scenarios. Therefore, the proposed algorithms, mechanisms, methods, and system models are not restricted in the considered networks, but rather have a wider applicability to be used in other technologies. This thesis mainly investigates three aspects of research issues relating to the efficient management of cognitive networks: First, novel spectrum resource management modules are proposed to maximise the spectrum access by rapidly detecting the available transmission opportunities. Secondly, a developed pilot power controlling algorithm is introduced to minimise the power consumption by considering mobile position and application requirements. Also, there is investigation on the impact of deploying different numbers of femtocell base stations in LTE domain to identify the optimum cell size for future networks. Finally, a novel call admission control mechanism for mobility management is proposed to support seamless handover between LTE and femtocell domains. This is performed by assigning high speed mobile users to the LTE system to avoid unnecessary handovers. The proposed solutions were examined by simulation and numerical analysis to show the strength of cognitive femtocell deployment for the required applications. The results show that the new system design based on cognitive radio configuration enable an efficient resource management in terms of spectrum allocation, adaptive pilot power control, and mobile handover. The proposed framework and algorithms offer a novel spectrum management for self organised LTE-femtocell architecture. Eventually, this research shows that certain architectures fulfilling spectrum management requirements are implementable in practice and display good performance in dynamic wireless environments which recommends the consideration of CR systems in LTE and femtocell networks

Cellular and Wi-Fi technologies evolution: from complementarity to competition

This PhD thesis has the characteristic to span over a long time because while working on it, I was working as a research engineer at CTTC with highly demanding development duties. This has delayed the deposit more than I would have liked. On the other hand, this has given me the privilege of witnessing and studying how wireless technologies have been evolving over a decade from 4G to 5G and beyond. When I started my PhD thesis, IEEE and 3GPP were defining the two main wireless technologies at the time, Wi-Fi and LTE, for covering two substantially complementary market targets. Wi-Fi was designed to operate mostly indoor, in unlicensed spectrum, and was aimed to be a simple and cheap technology. Its primary technology for coexistence was based on the assumption that the spectrum on which it was operating was for free, and so it was designed with interference avoidance through the famous CSMA/CA protocol. On the other hand, 3GPP was designing technologies for licensed spectrum, a costly kind of spectrum. As a result, LTE was designed to take the best advantage of it while providing the best QoE in mainly outdoor scenarios. The PhD thesis starts in this context and evolves with these two technologies. In the first chapters, the thesis studies radio resource management solutions for standalone operation of Wi-Fi in unlicensed and LTE in licensed spectrum. We anticipated the now fundamental machine learning trend by working on machine learning-based radio resource management solutions to improve LTE and Wi-Fi operation in their respective spectrum. We pay particular attention to small cell deployments aimed at improving the spectrum efficiency in licensed spectrum, reproducing small range scenarios typical of Wi-Fi settings. IEEE and 3GPP followed evolving the technologies over the years: Wi-Fi has grown into a much more complex and sophisticated technology, incorporating the key features of cellular technologies, like HARQ, OFDMA, MU-MIMO, MAC scheduling and spatial reuse. On the other hand, since Release 13, cellular networks have also been designed for unlicensed spectrum. As a result, the two last chapters of this thesis focus on coexistence scenarios, in which LTE needs to be designed to coexist with Wi-Fi fairly, and NR, the radio access for 5G, with Wi-Fi in 5 GHz and WiGig in 60 GHz. Unlike LTE, which was adapted to operate in unlicensed spectrum, NR-U is natively designed with this feature, including its capability to operate in unlicensed in a complete standalone fashion, a fundamental new milestone for cellular. In this context, our focus of analysis changes. We consider that these two technological families are no longer targeting complementarity but are now competing, and we claim that this will be the trend for the years to come. To enable the research in these multi-RAT scenarios, another fundamental result of this PhD thesis, besides the scientific contributions, is the release of high fidelity models for LTE and NR and their coexistence with Wi-Fi and WiGig to the ns-3 open-source community. ns-3 is a popular open-source network simulator, with the characteristic to be multi-RAT and so naturally allows the evaluation of coexistence scenarios between different technologies. These models, for which I led the development, are by academic citations, the most used open-source simulation models for LTE and NR and havereceived fundings from industry (Ubiquisys, WFA, SpiderCloud, Interdigital, Facebook) and federal agencies (NIST, LLNL) over the years.Aquesta tesi doctoral té la característica d’allargar-se durant un llarg període de temps ja que mentre treballava en ella, treballava com a enginyera investigadora a CTTC amb tasques de desenvolupament molt exigents. Això ha endarrerit el dipositar-la més del que m’hagués agradat. D’altra banda, això m’ha donat el privilegi de ser testimoni i estudiar com han evolucionat les tecnologies sense fils durant més d’una dècada des del 4G fins al 5G i més enllà. Quan vaig començar la tesi doctoral, IEEE i 3GPP estaven definint les dues tecnologies sense fils principals en aquell moment, Wi-Fi i LTE, que cobreixen dos objectius de mercat substancialment complementaris. Wi-Fi va ser dissenyat per funcionar principalment en interiors, en espectre sense llicència, i pretenia ser una tecnologia senzilla i barata. La seva tecnologia primària per a la convivència es basava en el supòsit que l’espectre en el que estava operant era de franc, i, per tant, es va dissenyar simplement evitant interferències a través del famós protocol CSMA/CA. D’altra banda, 3GPP estava dissenyant tecnologies per a espectres amb llicència, un tipus d’espectre costós. Com a resultat, LTE està dissenyat per treure’n el màxim profit alhora que proporciona el millor QoE en escenaris principalment a l’aire lliure. La tesi doctoral comença amb aquest context i evoluciona amb aquestes dues tecnologies. En els primers capítols, estudiem solucions de gestió de recursos de radio per a operacions en espectre de Wi-Fi sense llicència i LTE amb llicència. Hem anticipat l’actual tendència fonamental d’aprenentatge automàtic treballant solucions de gestió de recursos de radio basades en l’aprenentatge automàtic per millorar l’LTE i Wi-Fi en el seu espectre respectiu. Prestem especial atenció als desplegaments de cèl·lules petites destinades a millorar la eficiència d’espectre llicenciat, reproduint escenaris de petit abast típics de la configuració Wi-Fi. IEEE i 3GPP van seguir evolucionant les tecnologies al llarg dels anys: El Wi-Fi s’ha convertit en una tecnologia molt més complexa i sofisticada, incorporant les característiques clau de les tecnologies cel·lulars, com ara HARQ i la reutilització espacial. D’altra banda, des de la versió 13, també s’han dissenyat xarxes cel·lulars per a espectre sense llicència. Com a resultat, els dos darrers capítols d’aquesta tesi es centren en aquests escenaris de convivència, on s’ha de dissenyar LTE per conviure amb la Wi-Fi de manera justa, i NR, l’accés a la radio per a 5G amb Wi-Fi a 5 GHz i WiGig a 60 GHz. A diferència de LTE, que es va adaptar per funcionar en espectre sense llicència, NR-U està dissenyat de forma nativa amb aquesta característica, inclosa la seva capacitat per operar sense llicència de forma autònoma completa, una nova fita fonamental per al mòbil. En aquest context, el nostre focus d’anàlisi canvia. Considerem que aquestes dues famílies de tecnologia ja no estan orientades cap a la complementarietat, sinó que ara competeixen, i afirmem que aquesta serà el tendència per als propers anys. Per permetre la investigació en aquests escenaris multi-RAT, un altre resultat fonamental d’aquesta tesi doctoral, a més de les aportacions científiques, és l’alliberament de models d’alta fidelitat per a LTE i NR i la seva coexistència amb Wi-Fi a la comunitat de codi obert ns-3. ns-3 és un popular simulador de xarxa de codi obert, amb la característica de ser multi-RAT i, per tant, permet l’avaluació de manera natural d’escenaris de convivència entre diferents tecnologies. Aquests models, pels quals he liderat el desenvolupament, són per cites acadèmiques, els models de simulació de codi obert més utilitzats per a LTE i NR i que han rebut finançament de la indústria (Ubiquisys, WFA, SpiderCloud, Interdigital, Facebook) i agències federals (NIST, LLNL) al llarg dels anys.Esta tesis doctoral tiene la característica de extenderse durante mucho tiempo porque mientras trabajaba en ella, trabajaba como ingeniera de investigación en CTTC con tareas de desarrollo muy exigentes. Esto ha retrasado el depósito más de lo que me hubiera gustado. Por otro lado, gracias a ello, he tenido el privilegio de presenciar y estudiar como las tecnologías inalámbricas han evolucionado durante una década, de 4G a 5G y más allá. Cuando comencé mi tesis doctoral, IEEE y 3GPP estaban definiendo las dos principales tecnologías inalámbricas en ese momento, Wi-Fi y LTE, cumpliendo dos objetivos de mercado sustancialmente complementarios. Wi-Fi fue diseñado para funcionar principalmente en interiores, en un espectro sin licencia, y estaba destinado a ser una tecnología simple y barata. Su tecnología primaria para la convivencia se basaba en el supuesto en que el espectro en el que estaba operando era gratis, y así fue diseñado simplemente evitando interferencias a través del famoso protocolo CSMA/CA. Por otro lado, 3GPP estaba diseñando tecnologías para espectro con licencia, un tipo de espectro costoso. Como resultado, LTE está diseñado para aprovechar el espectro al máximo proporcionando al mismo tiempo el mejor QoE en escenarios principalmente al aire libre. La tesis doctoral parte de este contexto y evoluciona con estas dos tecnologías. En los primeros capítulos, estudiamos las soluciones de gestión de recursos de radio para operación en espectro Wi-Fi sin licencia y LTE con licencia. Anticipamos la tendencia ahora fundamental de aprendizaje automático trabajando en soluciones de gestión de recursos de radio para mejorar LTE y funcionamiento deWi-Fi en su respectivo espectro. Prestamos especial atención a las implementaciones de células pequeñas destinadas a mejorar la eficiencia de espectro licenciado, reproduciendo los típicos escenarios de rango pequeño de la configuración Wi-Fi. IEEE y 3GPP siguieron evolucionando las tecnologías a lo largo de los años: Wi-Fi se ha convertido en una tecnología mucho más compleja y sofisticada, incorporando las características clave de las tecnologías celulares, como HARQ, OFDMA, MU-MIMO, MAC scheduling y la reutilización espacial. Por otro lado, desde la Release 13, también se han diseñado redes celulares para espectro sin licencia. Como resultado, los dos últimos capítulos de esta tesis se centran en estos escenarios de convivencia, donde LTE debe diseñarse para coexistir con Wi-Fi de manera justa, y NR, el acceso por radio para 5G con Wi-Fi en 5 GHz y WiGig en 60 GHz. A diferencia de LTE, que se adaptó para operar en espectro sin licencia, NR-U está diseñado de forma nativa con esta función, incluyendo su capacidad para operar sin licencia de forma completamente independiente, un nuevo hito fundamental para los celulares. En este contexto, cambia nuestro enfoque de análisis. Consideramos que estas dos familias tecnológicas ya no tienen como objetivo la complementariedad, sino que ahora están compitiendo, y afirmamos que esta será la tendencia para los próximos años. Para permitir la investigación en estos escenarios de múltiples RAT, otro resultado fundamental de esta tesis doctoral, además de los aportes científicos, es el lanzamiento de modelos de alta fidelidad para LTE y NR y su coexistencia con Wi-Fi y WiGig a la comunidad de código abierto de ns-3. ns-3 es un simulador popular de red de código abierto, con la característica de ser multi-RAT y así, naturalmente, permite la evaluación de escenarios de convivencia entre diferentes tecnologías. Estos modelos, para los cuales lideré el desarrollo, son por citas académicas, los modelos de simulación de código abierto más utilizados para LTE y NR y han recibido fondos de la industria (Ubiquisys, WFA, SpiderCloud, Interdigital, Facebook) y agencias federales (NIST, LLNL) a lo largo de los años.Postprint (published version

Virtual Mobility Domains - A Mobility Architecture for the Future Internet

The advances in hardware and wireless technologies have made mobile communication devices affordable by a vast user community. With the advent of rich multimedia and social networking content, an influx of myriads of applications, and Internet supported services, there is an increasing user demand for the Internet connectivity anywhere and anytime. Mobility management is thus a crucial requirement for the Internet today. This work targets novel mobility management techniques, designed to work with the Floating Cloud Tiered (FCT) internetworking model, proposed for a future Internet. We derive the FCT internetworking model from the tiered structure existing among Internet Service Provider (ISP) networks, to define their business and peering relationships. In our novel mobility management scheme, we define Virtual Mobility Domains (VMDs) of various scopes, that can support both intra and inter-domain roaming using a single address for a mobile node. The scheme is network based and hence imposes no operational load on the mobile node. This scheme is the first of its kind, by leveraging the tiered structure and its hierarchical properties, the collaborative network-based mobility management mechanism, and the inheritance information in the tiered addresses to route packets. The contributions of this PhD thesis can be summarized as follows: · We contribute to the literature with a comprehensive analysis of the future Internet architectures and mobility protocols over the period of 2002-2012, in light of their identity and handoff management schemes. We present a qualitative evaluation of current and future schemes on a unified platform. · We design and implement a novel user-centric future Internet mobility architecture called Virtual Mobility Domain. VMD proposes a seamless, network-based, unique collaborative mobility management within/across ASes and ISPs in the FCT Internetworking model. The analytical and simulation-based handoff performance analysis of the VMD architecture in comparison with the IPv6-based mobility protocols presents the considerable performance improvements achieved by the VMD architecture. · We present a novel and user-centric handoff cost framework to analyze handoff performance of different mobility schemes. The framework helps to examine the impacts of registration costs, signaling overhead, and data loss for Internet connected mobile users employing a unified cost metric. We analyze the effect of each parameter in the handoff cost framework on the handoff cost components. We also compare the handoff performance of IPv6-based mobility protocols to the VMD. · We present a handoff cost optimization problem and analysis of its characteristics. We consider a mobility user as the primary focus of our study. We then identify the suitable mathematical methods that can be leveraged to solve the problem. We model the handoff cost problem in an optimization tool. We also conduct a mobility study - best of our knowledge, first of its kind - on providing a guide for finding the number of handoffs in a typical VMD for any given user\u27s mobility model. Plugging the output of mobility study, we then conduct a numerical analysis to find out optimum VMD for a given user mobility model and check if the theoretical inferences are in agreement with the output of the optimization tool

A survey of self organisation in future cellular networks

This article surveys the literature over the period of the last decade on the emerging field of self organisation as applied to wireless cellular communication networks. Self organisation has been extensively studied and applied in adhoc networks, wireless sensor networks and autonomic computer networks; however in the context of wireless cellular networks, this is the first attempt to put in perspective the various efforts in form of a tutorial/survey. We provide a comprehensive survey of the existing literature, projects and standards in self organising cellular networks. Additionally, we also aim to present a clear understanding of this active research area, identifying a clear taxonomy and guidelines for design of self organising mechanisms. We compare strength and weakness of existing solutions and highlight the key research areas for further development. This paper serves as a guide and a starting point for anyone willing to delve into research on self organisation in wireless cellular communication networks

Gestion de la qualité de service et planification optimale de réseaux de capteurs multimédia sans fil

RÉSUMÉ Un RCSF est constitué d'un certain nombre d'entités (capteurs) géographiquement dispersées, de taille réduite, avec une autonomie et une puissance de traitement réduites. Ces dispositifs sont utilisés pour réaliser, de manière indépendante, des tâches comme la surveillance, le contrôle de processus industriel, etc. Les avancées en microélectronique ont conduit à l'émergence des petites caméras (type CMOS) et microphones accessibles. Ces capteurs audio-visuels peuvent être intégrés dans un RCSF pour former des RCMSF. Dans certains types d'applications, comme la surveillance des frontières, un grand nombre de ce type de capteurs est susceptible d'être déployés, sur de vastes terrains. Un volume considérable de flux audio-visuel (en plus des données) doit être transmis au centre de contrôle (le collecteur, ou SINK) pour analyse et prise de décision. Il y a donc un besoin important en termes de bande passante, avec surtout une forte contrainte en termes de délai de transmission et d'autres paramètres de RCSF. Des solutions pour le routage d'information ont été développées pour des RCSF, mais ces protocoles n'ont pas pris en compte la génération à grande échelle des données multimédia, elles sont par conséquent inadaptées aux RCMSF. Les capteurs typiquement sont omnidirectionnels, c'est-à-dire qu'ils sont capables de capter des signaux qui proviennent de toutes les directions autour d'eux. Les capteurs multimédia, en particulier les capteurs de vidéo, sont de type directionnel. Pour ce type de capteurs, l'aire de captage est limitée à un secteur donné d'un plan tridimensionnel. Malheureusement, les modèles mathématiques développés pour le placement des RCMSF conventionnels ne peuvent pas être appliqués dans le cadre de la configuration et de la planification des réseaux de capteurs directionnels. De nouveaux modèles d'optimisation sont donc nécessaires pour la capture des principaux paramètres caractérisant les capteurs directionnels. Dans cette thèse, nous abordons donc les problèmes clés suivants: le routage des données hétérogènes (scalaires et multimédia) pour les nœuds d'un RCMSF afin d'assurer une meilleure QdS aux usagers; et le déploiement optimisé de capteurs directionnels d'un RCMSF dans un espace tridimensionnel dont le but est couvrir un ensemble de points d'intérêts définis dans tel espace. Notre thèse se compose de trois articles scientifiques, chacun traitant d'une problématique bien spécifique. Le premier article traite du problème du routage d'information pour les RCMSF basé sur la QdS. Nous proposons un nouveau protocole, AntSensNet, basé sur l'heuristique de la colonie de fourmis, qui utilise plusieurs métriques de QdS pour trouver de bonnes routes pour les données multimédia et l'information scalaire. Dans la pratique, le protocole établit d'abord une structure hiérarchique sur le réseau avant de choisir les chemins appropriés pour répondre aux diverses exigences de QdS des différents types de trafic qui circulent dans le réseau. Ceci permet de maximiser l'utilisation des ressources du réseau, tout en améliorant la performance de la transmission de l'information. En outre, AntSensNet est capable d'utiliser un mécanisme efficace d'ordonnancement de paquets et de multiples chemins afin d'obtenir la distorsion minimale au moment où une application fait la transmission de la vidéo dans le réseau. Dans le deuxième article nous continuons avec le sujet de la QdS dans le RCMSFs et, plus spécifiquement, nous abordons la problématique du contrôle d'admission pour ce type de réseau. Grâce au contrôle d'admission, il est possible de déterminer si un réseau est capable de supporter un nouveau flot de données. S'il n'y a pas de contrôle d'admission dans un RCMSF, le performance du réseau sera compromis car les ressources existantes dans le réseau ne seront pas assez pour tous les flots acceptés et cela entraînera beaucoup de problèmes comme la perte de paquets des flots. Nous proposons un nouveau schéma de contrôle d'admission de nouveaux flots multimédia pour un RCMSF. Le système proposé est en mesure de déterminer si un flot de données puisse être admis dans le réseau, compte tenu de l'état actuel des liaisons de communications et l'énergie des nœuds. La décision sur l'acceptation est prise de manière distribuée, sans utiliser une entité centrale. De plus, notre schéma se présente comme un plug-in, et est adaptable à d'éventuels protocoles de routage et MAC utilisés pour la transmission de données dans les RCMSF. Nos résultats de simulation montrent l'efficacité de notre approche pour répondre aux exigences de QdS des nouveaux flots de données. Finalement, notre troisième article traite du problème du déploiement optimal des capteurs multimédia dans un espace 3D. Tel que mentionné ci-dessus, la plupart des capteurs multimédia sont du type directionnel. De surcroît, ces capteurs sont plus coûteux et plus spécialisés que les capteurs scalaires. En conséquence, les déploiements aléatoires, qui sont typiques pour les capteurs scalaires, ne sont ni souhaitables ni adéquats pour les capteurs multimédia. A cet effet, nous proposons un modèle optimal de déploiement 3D de capteurs directionnels. Ce modèle vise à déterminer le nombre minimum de capteurs directionnels connectés, leur emplacement et leur configuration, qui sont nécessaires pour couvrir un ensemble de points de contrôle dans un espace 3D donné. La configuration de chaque capteur déployé est déterminée par trois paramètres : la plage de détection, le champ de vision (FoV) et l'orientation. Nous présentons une formulation « Integer Linear Programming » (ILP) pour trouver la solution exacte du problème et aussi, un algorithme glouton capable de trouver une solution approximative (mais efficace) du problème. Nous évaluons également différentes propriétés des solutions proposées par le biais de nombreuses simulations. Avec ces trois articles on a réussi à résoudre, d'une façon à la fois innovatrice et pratique, les problèmes de routage basé sur la QdS pour les RCMSF et le déploiement de capteurs directionnels, qui sont l'objectif principal de notre recherche.----------ABSTRACT A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of a set of embedded processing units, called sensors, communicating via wireless links, whose main function is the collection of parameters related to the surrounding environment, such as temperature, pressure or the presence/motion of objects. WSN are expected to have many applications in various fields, such as industrial processes, military surveillance, observation and monitoring of habitat, etc. The availability of inexpensive hardware such as CMOS cameras and microphones that are able to ubiquitously capture multimedia content from the environment has fostered the development of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs), i.e., networks of wirelessly interconnected devices that allow retrieving video and audio streams, still images, and scalar sensor data. In addition to the ability to retrieve multimedia data, WMSNs will be able to store, process in real time, correlate and fuse multimedia data originated from heterogeneous sources, and perform actions on the environment based on the content gathered. Many applications require the sensor network paradigm to be rethought in view of the need for mechanisms to deliver multimedia content with a certain level of quality of service (QoS). Due to high bandwidth, processing and stringent Qos requirements existing solutions are not feasible for WMSNs. Since the need to minimize the energy consumption has driven most of the research in sensor networks so far, there is a need to create mechanisms to efficiently deliver application-level QoS, and to map these requirements to network-layer metrics such as latency or delay. Additionally, in WSNs, an omnidirectional sensing model is often assumed where each sensor can equally detect its environment in each direction. Instead, multimedia sensors, specially video sensor, are directional sensors. A directional sensor is characterized by its sensing region which can be viewed as a sector in a three-dimensional plane. Therefore, it can only choose one active sector (or direction) at any time instant. Unfortunately, the many methods developed for deploying traditional WSNs cannot directly be used for optimizing and configuring directional WMSNs due to the different parameters involved. Therefore, new optimization models which capture the primary parameters characterizing directional sensors are necessary. The issues aforementioned are crucial challenges for the development of WMSNs. In this thesis, we are interested in the following aspects: routing of heterogeneous data (scalar and multimedia) from the nodes of a WMSN to the sink in order to provide better QoS experience to users; and an optimized deployment of directional sensors of a WMSN in a three-dimensional surface with the objective to cover all the control points as defined in such a space. Our thesis runs through three scientific papers, each addressing a specific problem. In our first paper, we address the problem of data routing based on different QoS metrics in a WMSN. We propose a new protocol AntSensNet, based on the traditional ant-based algorithm. The AntSensNet protocol builds a hierarchical structure on the network before choosing suitable paths to meet various QoS requirements from different kinds of traffic, thus maximizing network utilization, while improving its performance. In addition, AntSensNet is able to use a efficient multipath video packet scheduling in order to get minimum video distortion transmission. In the second paper, we address the problem of connection admission control for WMSNs. With admission control, it is possible to determine whether a network is capable of supporting a new data stream. Without admission control in a WMSN, the network performance will be compromised because the existing resources within the network cannot be enough for all the flows accepted and this will cause many problems such as packet loss and congestion. Taking multiple parameters into account, we propose a novel connection admission control scheme for the multimedia traffic circulating in the network. The proposed scheme is able to determine if a new flow can be admitted in the network considering the current link states and the energy of the nodes. The decision about accepting is taken in a distributed way, without trusting in a central entity to take this decision. In addition, our scheme works like a plug-in, being easily adaptable to any routing and MAC protocols. Our simulation results show the effectiveness of our approach to satisfy QoS requirements of flows and achieve fair bandwidth utilization and low jitter. Finally, in the third paper, we address the problem of optimal deployment of directional sensors in a 3D space. We have already mentioned that conventional methods to deploy omnidirectional sensors are not suitable to deploy directional sensors. To remedy this deficiency, we propose a mathematical model which aims at to determine the minimum number of connected directional multimedia sensor nodes and their configuration, needed to cover a set of control points in a given 3D space. The configuration of each deployed sensor is determined by three parameters: sensing range, field of view and orientation. We present the exact ILP formulation for the problem and an approximate (but computationally efficient) greedy algorithm solution. We also evaluate different properties of the proposed solutions through extensive simulations. Overall, the proposed solutions in this thesis are both innovative and practical. With these three papers, we have been successfully resolved the problems of a QoS-based routing protocol for WMSN and an optimal deployment of directional sensors in a 3D space, which are the components of the main objective of this thesis

Resource allocation in WiMAX mesh networks

ix, 77 leaves : ill. ; 29 cmThe IEEE 802.16 standard popularly known as WiMAX is at the forefront of the technological drive. Achieving high system throughput in these networks is challenging due to interference which limits concurrent transmissions. In this thesis, we study routing and link scheduling inWiMAX mesh networks. We present simple joint routing and link scheduling algorithms that have outperformed most of the existing proposals in our experiments. Our session based routing and links scheduling produced results approximately 90% of a trivial lower bound. We also study the problem of quality of service (QoS) provisioning in WiMAX mesh networks. QoS has become an attractive area of study driven by the increasing demand for multimedia content delivered wirelessly. To accommodate the different applications, the IEEE 802.16 standard defines four classes of service. In this dissertation, we propose a comprehensive scheme consisting of routing, link scheduling, call admission control (CAC) and channel assignment that considers all classes of service. Much of the work in the literature considers each of these problems in isolation. Our routing schemes use a metric that combines interference and traffic load to compute routes for requests while our link scheduling ensures that the QoS requirements of admitted requests are strictly met. Results from our simulation indicate that our routing and link scheduling schemes significantly improve network performance when the network is congested