A low-power, linear, permanent-magnet generator/energy storage system

This paper describes the design, analysis and characterization of a linear permanent magnet generator and capacitive energy storage system for generating electrical power from a single stroke of a salient-pole armature. It is suitable for applications that require relatively low levels of electrical power, such as remote electronic locks. An electromagnetic analysis of the generator is described, and a design optimization methodology for the system is presented. Finally, the performance of a prototype is validated against measurement

Separated magnet yoke for permanent magnet linear generator for marine wave energy converters

In this paper the performance of a longitudinal flux permanent magnet linear generator (PMLG) for wave energy converters (WEC) is investigated. The influence of the number of slots per pole, phase q and the number of stator's winding sections are analysed. The power output and the cogging forces in the PMLG are calculated and reviewed with respect to the above design parameters. In addition, an optimised PMLG model is designed and simulated. Three-dimensional Finite Element Method (FEM) is used for solving the combined field and circuit equations of the generator.The PRIMaRE project

Torque control strategy for an axial flux switched reluctance machine

This paper reflects the work done to design a torque control strategy for an axial flux switched reluctance machine. The general electrical model is first presented but as the switched reluctance machine behaves nonlinearly1 a (three-dimensional) finite element method characterization is performed, so the nonlinearity may be considered. Once the machine is characterized in FEM a Simulink model is developed where a torque control strategy is proposed. Then, both the machine and the control are experimentally tested. The control setting, and the obtained real performance results are also presented in this document. Finally, the most outstanding conclusions about the control strategy are captured. Main difficulties encountered during the implementation of the control strategy are also collected

Design and initial testing of a high speed 45 kW switched reluctance drive for aerospace application

This paper presents innovative research towards the development of a 45 kW high speed switched reluctance drive as an alternative starter-generator for future aero-engines. To perform such a function the machine had to be designed with a very wide constant power-speed range. During engine-start/motoring mode, a peak torque demand of 54 Nm at 8 krpm was met, whilst in generating mode, 19.2-32 krpm, the machine was designed to deliver a constant power of 45 kW. The key enabling feature of the design lies in the novel rotor structure developed so as to allow for such a wide speed range. The results presented, are those measured during the initial testing phase and validate the system design and performance in the low-speed region with the machine operated in starting-mode. The measured machine power density is at 9.8 kW/ltr, whilst the global system efficiency is at 82%

Transducer applications, a compilation

The characteristics and applications of transducers are discussed. Subjects presented are: (1) thermal measurements, (2) liquid level and fluid flow measurements, (3) pressure transducers, (4) stress-strain measurements, (5) acceleration and velocity measurements, (6) displacement and angular rotation, and (7) transducer test and calibration methods

Design and Development of a Next Generation Energy Storage Flywheel

Energy storage is crucial for both smart grids and renewable energy sources such as wind or solar, which are intermittent in nature. Compared to electrochemical batteries, flywheel energy storage systems (FESSs) offer many unique benefits such as low environmental impact, high power quality, and larger life cycles. This dissertation presents the design and development of a novel utility-scale FESS that features a shaftless, hubless rotor. The unique shaftless design gives it the potential of a doubled energy density and a compact form factor. Its energy and power capacities are 100 kWh and 100 kW, respectively. The flywheel is made of high-strength steel, which makes it much easier to manufacture, assemble, and recycle. Steels also cost much less than composite materials. In addition, the system incorporates a new combination active magnetic bearing. Its working principle and the levitation control for the flywheel are presented. The development of an integrated, coreless, permanent-magnet (PM) motor/generator for the flywheel is briefly discussed as well. Initial test results show that the magnetic bearing provides stable levitation for the 5443-kg flywheel with small current consumptions. Furthermore, this dissertation formulates and synthesizes a detailed model for designing and simulating a closed-loop control system for the proposed flywheel system at high speed. To this end, the magnetic bearing supporting structure is considered flexible and modeled by finite element modeling. The magnetic bearing is characterized experimentally by static and frequency-dependent coefficients, the latter of which are caused by eddy current effects and presents challenges to the levitation control. Sensor- runout disturbances are measured and included in the model. System nonlinearities in power amplifiers and the controller are considered as well. Even though the flywheel has a large ratio of the primary-to-transversal moment of inertias, Multi-Input-Multi-Output (MIMO) feedback control demonstrates its effectiveness in canceling gyroscopic torques and stabilize the system. Various stages of PD controllers, lead/lag compensators, and notch filters are also implemented to suppress the high-frequency sensor disturbances and structural vibrations

Multiband monopole antenna for mobile applications

— In this paper, a multiband monopole antenna has been proposed for mobile applications. The monopole antenna has simple structure with a physical size of 15 cm × 7 cm. The antenna consists of monopole shape loaded by a set of folded arms with a varying length which lead to a better impedance matching result and multiband performance. The simulated results show that the proposed antenna provide multiband frequency operation of 0.8 GHz, 1.8 GHz 2.1 GHz, 2.6 GHz and 3.5 GHz which covers the range from 0 to 4 GHz. The antenna is designed to operate at sub-6 GHz which proposed as lower frequency band to deliver 5G in early stage. The designed antenna has been fabricated and measured to validate the simulated results. RF Coaxial U.FL Connector was used as the port connector. The measurement results agrees well with the simulated ones for all frequency bands

Magnetic Material Modelling of Electrical Machines

The need for electromechanical energy conversion that takes place in electric motors, generators, and actuators is an important aspect associated with current development. The efficiency and effectiveness of the conversion process depends on both the design of the devices and the materials used in those devices. In this context, this book addresses important aspects of electrical machines, namely their materials, design, and optimization. It is essential for the design process of electrical machines to be carried out through extensive numerical field computations. Thus, the reprint also focuses on the accuracy of these computations, as well as the quality of the material models that are adopted. Another aspect of interest is the modeling of properties such as hysteresis, alternating and rotating losses and demagnetization. In addition, the characterization of materials and their dependence on mechanical quantities such as stresses and temperature are also considered. The reprint also addresses another aspect that needs to be considered for the development of the optimal global system in some applications, which is the case of drives that are associated with electrical machines

Control of switched reluctance machines

This thesis is concerned with the control of switched reluctance machines for both motoring and generating applications. There are different control objectives in each case. For motoring operation, there are two possible control objectives. If the SRM is being employed in a servo-type application, the desire is for a constant output torque. However, for low performance applications where some amount of torque ripple is acceptable, the aim is to achieve efficient and accurate speed regulation. When the SRM is employed for generating purposes, the goal is to maintain the dc bus voltage at the required value while achieving maximum efficiency. Preliminary investigative work on switched reluctance machine control in both motoring and generating modes is performed. This includes the implementation and testing through simulation of two control strategies described in the literature. In addition, an experimental system is built for the development and testing of new control strategies. The inherent nonlinearity of the switched reluctance machine results in ripple in the torque profile. This adversely affects motoring performance for servo-type applications. Hence, three neuro-fuzzy control strategies for torque ripple minimisation in switched reluctance motors are developed. For all three control strategies, the training of a neurofuzzy compensator and the incorporation of the trained compensator into the overall switched reluctance drive are described. The performance of the control strategies in reducing the torque ripple is examined with simulations and through experimental testing. While the torque ripple is troublesome for servo-type applications, there are some applications where a certain amount of torque ripple is acceptable. Therefore, four simple motor control strategies for torque ripple-tolerant applications are described and tested experimentally. Three of the control strategies are for low speed motoring operation while the fourth is aimed at high speed motoring operation. Finally, three closed-loop generator control strategies aimed at high speed operation in single pulse mode are developed. The three control strategies are examined by testing on the experimental system. A comparison of the performance of the control strategies in terms of efficiency and peak current produced by each is presented