Assessment and Real Time Implementation of Wireless Communications Systems and Applications in Transportation Systems

Programa Oficial de Doutoramento en Tecnoloxías da Información e das Comunicacións en Redes Móbiles. 5029V01[Resumo] Os sistemas de comunicación sen fíos de cuarta e quinta xeración (4G e 5G) utilizan unha capa física (PHY) baseada en modulacións multiportadora para a transmisión de datos cun gran ancho de banda. Este tipo de modulacións proporcionan unha alta eficiencia espectral á vez que permiten corrixir de forma sinxela os efectos da canle radio. Estes sistemas utilizan OFDMA como mecanismo para a repartición dos recursos radio dispoñibles entre os diferentes usuarios. Este repartimento realízase asignando un subconxunto de subportadoras a cada usuario nun instante de tempo determinado. Isto aporta unha gran flexibilidade ó sistema que lle permite adaptarse tanto ós requisitos de calidade de servizo dos usuarios como ó estado da canle radio. A capa de acceso ó medio (MAC) destes sistemas encárgase de configurar os diversos parámetros proporcionados pola capa física OFDMA, ademais de xestionar os diversos fluxos de información de cada usuario, transformando os paquetes de capas superiores en paquetes da capa física. Neste traballo estúdase o deseño e implementación das capas MAC e PHY de sistemas de comunicación 4G ademais da súa aplicabilidade en sistemas de transporte ferroviarios. Por unha parte, abórdase o deseño e implementación en tempo real do estándar WiMAX. Estúdanse os mecanismos necesarios para establecer comunicacións bidireccionais entre unha estación base e múltiples dispositivos móbiles. Ademais, estúdase como realizar esta implementación nunha arquitectura hardware baseada en DSPs e FPGAs, na que se implementan as capas MAC e PHY. Dado que esta arquitectura ten uns recursos computacionais limitados, tamén se estudan as necesidades de cada módulo do sistema para poder garantir o funcionamento en tempo real do sistema completo. Por outra parte, tamén se estuda a aplicabilidade dos sistemas 4G a sistemas de transporte públicos. Os sistemas de comunicacións e sinalización son unha parte vital para os sistemas de transporte ferroviario e metro. As comunicacións sen fíos utilizadas por estes sistemas deben ser robustas e proporcionar unha alta fiabilidade para permitir a supervisión, control e seguridade do tráfico ferroviario. Para levar a cabo esta avaliación de viabilidade realízanse simulacións de redes de comunicacións LTE en contornos de transporte ferroviarios, comprobando o cumprimento dos requisitos de fiabilidade e seguridade. Realízanse diferentes simulacións do sistema de comunicacións para poder ser avaliadas e seleccionar a configuración e arquitectura do sistema máis axeitada en función do escenario considerado. Tamén se efectúan simulacións de redes baseadas en Wi-Fi, dado que é a solución máis utilizada nos metros, para confrontar os resultados cos obtidos para LTE. Para que os resultados das simulacións sexan realistas débense empregar modelos de propagación radio axeitados. Nas simulacións utilízanse tanto modelos deterministas como modelos baseados nos resultados de campañas de medida realizadas nestes escenarios. Nas simulacións empréganse os diferentes fluxos de información destes escenarios para comprobar que se cumpren os requisitos de calidade de servicio (QoS). Por exemplo, os fluxos críticos para o control ferroviario, como European Train Control System (ETCS) ou Communication-Based Train Control (CBTC), necesitan unha alta fiabilidade e un retardo mínimo nas comunicacións para garantir o correcto funcionamento do sistema.[Resumen] Los sistemas de comunicación inalámbricos de cuarta y quinta generación (4G y 5G) utilizan una capa física (PHY) basada en modulaciones multiportadora para la transmisión de datos con un gran ancho de banda. Este tipo de modulaciones han demostrado tener una alta eficiencia espectral a la vez que permiten corregir de forma sencilla los efectos del canal radio. Estos sistemas utilizan OFDMA como mecanismo para el reparto de los recursos radio disponibles entre los diferentes usuarios. Este reparto se realiza asignando un subconjunto de subportadoras a cada usuario en un instante de tiempo determinado. Esto aporta una gran flexibilidad al sistema que le permite adaptarse tanto a los requisitos de calidad de servicio de los usuarios como al estado del canal radio. La capa de acceso al medio (MAC) de estos sistemas se encarga de configurar los diversos parámetros proporcionados por la capa física OFDMA, además de gestionar los diversos flujos de información de cada usuario, transformando los paquetes de capas superiores en paquetes de la capa física. En este trabajo se estudia el diseño e implementación de las capas MAC y PHY de sistemas de comunicación 4G además de su aplicabilidad en sistemas de transporte ferroviarios. Por una parte, se aborda el diseño e implementación en tiempo real del estándar WiMAX. Se estudian los mecanismos necesarios para establecer comunicaciones bidireccionales entre una estación base y múltiples dispositivos móviles. Además, se estudia cómo realizar esta implementación en una arquitectura hardware basada en DSPs y FPGAs, en la que se implementan las capas MAC y PHY. Dado que esta arquitectura tiene unos recursos computacionales limitados, también se estudian las necesidades de cada módulo del sistema para poder garantizar el funcionamiento en tiempo real del sistema completo. Por otra parte, también se estudia la aplicabilidad de los sistemas 4G a sistemas de transporte públicos. Los sistemas de comunicaciones y señalización son una parte vital para los sistemas de transporte ferroviario y metro. Las comunicaciones inalámbricas utilizadas por estos sistemas deben ser robustas y proporcionar una alta fiabilidad para permitir la supervisión, control y seguridad del tráfico ferroviario. Para llevar a cabo esta evaluación de viabilidad se realizan simulaciones de redes de comunicaciones LTE en entornos de transporte ferroviarios, comprobando si se cumplen los requisitos de fiabilidad y seguridad. Se realizan diferentes simulaciones del sistema de comunicaciones para poder ser evaluados y seleccionar la configuración y arquitectura del sistema más adecuada en función del escenario planteado. También se efectúan simulaciones de redes basadas en Wi-Fi, dado que es la solución más utilizada en los metros, para comparar los resultados con los obtenidos para LTE. Para que los resultados de las simulaciones sean realistas se deben utilizar modelos de propagación radio apropiados. En las simulaciones se utilizan tanto modelos deterministas como modelos basados en los resultados de campañas de medida realizadas en estos escenarios. En las simulaciones se utilizan los diferentes flujos de información de estos escenarios para comprobar que se cumplen sus requisitos de calidad de servicio. Por ejemplo, los flujos críticos para el control ferroviario, como European Train Control System (ETCS) o Communication-Based Train Control (CBTC), necesitan una alta fiabilidad y un retardo bajo en las comunicaciones para garantizar el correcto funcionamiento del sistema.[Abstract] The fourth and fifth generation wireless communication systems (4G and 5G) use a physical layer (PHY) based on multicarrier modulations for data transmission using high bandwidth. This type of modulations has shown to provide high spectral efficiency while allowing low complexity radio channel equalization. These systems use OFDMA as a mechanism for distributing the available radio resources among different users. This allocation is done by assigning a subset of subcarriers to each user in a given instant of time. This provides great flexibility to the system that allows it to adapt to both the quality of service requirements of users and the radio channel state. The media access layer (MAC) of these systems is in charge of configuring the multiple OFDMA PHY layer parameters, in addition to managing the data flows of each user, transforming the higher layer packets into PHY layer packets. This work studies the design and implementation of MAC and PHY layers of 4G communication systems as well as their applicability in rail transport systems. On the one hand, the design and implementation in real time of the WiMAX standard is addressed. The required mechanisms to establish bidirectional communications between a base station and several mobile devices are also evaluated. Moreover, a MAC layer and PHY layer implementation is presented, using a hardware architecture based in DSPs and FPGAs. Since this architecture has limited computational resources, the requirements of each processing block of the system are also studied in order to guarantee the real time operation of the complete system. On the other hand, the applicability of 4G systems to public transportation systems is also studied. Communications and signaling systems are a vital part of rail and metro transport systems. The wireless communications used by these systems must be robust and provide high reliability to enable the supervision, control and safety of rail traffic. To carry out this feasibility assessment, LTE communications network simulations are performed in rail transport environments to verify that reliability and safety requirements are met. Several simulations are carried out in order to evaluate the system performance and select the most appropriate system configuration in each case. Simulations of Wi-Fi based networks are also carried out, since it is the most used solution in subways, to compare the results with those obtained for LTE. To perform the simulations correctly, appropriate radio propagation models must be used. Both deterministic models and models based on the results of measurement campaigns in these scenarios are used in the simulations. The simulations use the different information flows present in the railway transportation systems to verify that its quality of service requirements are met. For example, critical flows for railway control, such as the European Train Control System (ETCS) or Communication-Based Train Control (CBTC), require high reliability and low delay communications to ensure the proper functioning of the system

Energy Efficient and Cooperative Solutions for Next-Generation Wireless Networks

Energy efficiency is increasingly important for next-generation wireless systems due to the limited battery resources of mobile clients. While fourth generation cellular standards emphasize low client battery consumption, existing techniques do not explicitly focus on reducing power that is consumed when a client is actively communicating with the network. Based on high data rate demands of modern multimedia applications, active mode power consumption is expected to become a critical consideration for the development and deployment of future wireless technologies. Another reason for focusing more attention on energy efficient studies is given by the relatively slow progress in battery technology and the growing quality of service requirements of multimedia applications. The disproportion between demanded and available battery capacity is becoming especially significant for small-scale mobile client devices, where wireless power consumption dominates within the total device power budget. To compensate for this growing gap, aggressive improvements in all aspects of wireless system design are necessary. Recent work in this area indicates that joint link adaptation and resource allocation techniques optimizing energy efficient metrics can provide a considerable gain in client power consumption. Consequently, it is crucial to adapt state-of-the-art energy efficient approaches for practical use, as well as to illustrate the pros and cons associated with applying power-bandwidth optimization to improve client energy efficiency and develop insights for future research in this area. This constitutes the first objective of the present research. Together with energy efficiency, next-generation cellular technologies are emphasizing stronger support for heterogeneous multimedia applications. Since the integration of diverse services within a single radio platform is expected to result in higher operator profits and, at the same time, reduce network management expenses, intensive research efforts have been invested into design principles of such networks. However, as wireless resources are limited and shared by clients, service integration may become challenging. A key element in such systems is the packet scheduler, which typically helps ensure that the individual quality of service requirements of wireless clients are satisfied. In contrastingly different distributed wireless environments, random multiple access protocols are beginning to provide mechanisms for statistical quality of service assurance. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive analytical frameworks which allow reliable control of the quality of service parameters for both cellular and local area networks. Providing such frameworks is therefore the second objective of this thesis. Additionally, the study addresses the simultaneous operation of a cellular and a local area network in spectrally intense metropolitan deployments and solves some related problems. Further improving the performance of battery-driven mobile clients, cooperative communications are sought as a promising and practical concept. In particular, they are capable of mitigating the negative effects of fading in a wireless channel and are thus expected to enhance next-generation cellular networks in terms of client spectral and energy efficiencies. At the cell edges or in areas missing any supportive relaying infrastructure, client-based cooperative techniques are becoming even more important. As such, a mobile client with poor channel quality may take advantage of neighboring clients which would relay data on its behalf. The key idea behind the concept of client relay is to provide flexible and distributed control over cooperative communications by the wireless clients themselves. By contrast to fully centralized control, this is expected to minimize overhead protocol signaling and hence ensure simpler implementation. Compared to infrastructure relay, client relay will also be cheaper to deploy. Developing the novel concept of client relay, proposing simple and feasible cooperation protocols, and analyzing the basic trade-offs behind client relay functionality become the third objective of this research. Envisioning the evolution of cellular technologies beyond their fourth generation, it appears important to study a wireless network capable of supporting machine-to-machine applications. Recent standardization documents cover a plethora of machine-to-machine use cases, as they also outline the respective technical requirements and features according to the application or network environment. As follows from this activity, a smart grid is one of the primary machine-to-machine use cases that involves meters autonomously reporting usage and alarm information to the grid infrastructure to help reduce operational cost, as well as regulate a customer's utility usage. The preliminary analysis of the reference smart grid scenario indicates weak system architecture components. For instance, the large population of machine-to-machine devices may connect nearly simultaneously to the wireless infrastructure and, consequently, suffer from excessive network entry delays. Another concern is the performance of cell-edge machine-to-machine devices with weak wireless links. Therefore, mitigating the above architecture vulnerabilities and improving the performance of future smart grid deployments is the fourth objective of this thesis. Summarizing, this thesis is generally aimed at the improvement of energy efficient properties of mobile devices in next-generation wireless networks. The related research also embraces a novel cooperation technique where clients may assist each other to increase per-client and network-wide performance. Applying the proposed solutions, the operation time of mobile clients without recharging may be increased dramatically. Our approach incorporates both analytical and simulation components to evaluate complex interactions between the studied objectives. It brings important conclusions about energy efficient and cooperative client behaviors, which is crucial for further development of wireless communications technologies

이동통신 네트워크에서의 QoS 패킷 스케줄러 설계 및 고정 릴레이 관련 주파수 재사용 관리 기법 연구

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 공과대학 전기·컴퓨터공학부, 2017. 8. 박세웅.The main interest of this paper is to understand a basic approach to provide more efficient method to allocate radio resources in the mobile communication systems, especially in which radio resources could be allocated by both frequency and time division multiple access. So, we consider OFDMA system and the ideas described in this paper could be easily applied to the current and next generation mobile communication systems. This paper studies two basic research themesa QoS packet scheduler design and fixed relay resource management policies based on frequency reuse in mobile networks. This paper considers novel scheduler structures that are executable in the environments of multiple traffic classes and multiple frequency channels. To design a scheduler structure for multiple traffic classes, we first propose a scheduler selection rule that uses the priority of traffic class and the urgency level of each packet. Then we relax the barrier of traffic class priority when a high priority packet has some room in waiting time. This gives us a chance to exploit multiuser diversity, thereby giving more flexibility in scheduling. Our considered scheduler can achieve higher throughput compared to the simple extension of conventional modified largest weighted delay first (MLWDF) scheduler while maintaining the delay performance for QoS class traffic. We also design a scheduler structure for multiple frequency channels that chooses a good channel for each user whenever possible to exploit frequency diversity. The simulation results show that our proposed scheduler increases the total system throughput by up to 50% without degrading the delay performance. This paper also introduces radio resource management schemes based on frequency reuse for fixed relay stations in mobile cellular networks. Mobile stations in the cell boundary experience poor spectral efficiency due to the path loss and interference from adjacent cells. Therefore, satisfying QoS requirements of each MS at the cell boundary has been an important issue. To resolve this spectral efficiency problem at the cell boundary, deploying fixed relay stations has been actively considered. In this paper, we consider radio resource management policies based on frequency reuse for fixed relays that include path selection rules, frequency reuse pattern matching, and frame transmission pattern matching among cells. We evaluate performance of each policy by varying parameter values such as relay stations position and frequency reuse factor. Through Monte Carlo simulations and mathematical analysis, we suggest some optimal parameter values for each policy and discuss some implementation issues that need to be considered in practical deployment of relay stations. We also surveyed further works that many researchers have been studied to tackle the similar problems of QoS scheduling and resource management for relay with our proposed work. We expect that there would be more future works by priority-based approach and energy-aware approach for QoS scheduling. Also current trends such as the rising interest in IoT system, discussion of densification of cells and D2D communications in 5G systems make us expect that the researches in these topics related with relays would be popular in the future. We also think that there are many interesting problems regarding QoS support and resource management still waiting to be tackled, especially combined with recent key topics in mobile communication systems such as 5G standardization, AI and NFV/SDN.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 QoS Packet Scheduler 4 1.2 Fixed Relay Frequency Reuse Policies 6 Chapter 2 Scheduler Design for Multiple Traffic Classes in OFDMA Networks 10 2.1 Proposed Schedulers 10 2.1.1 Scheduler Structures 12 2.1.2 MLWDF scheduler for Multiple Traffic Classes 13 2.1.3 Joint Scheduler 13 2.2 System Model 18 2.3 Performance Evaluation 19 2.3.1 Schedulers for Multiple Traffic Classes 20 2.3.2 Impact of Scheduler Selection Rule 25 2.3.3 Frame Based Schedulers 27 2.3.4 Impact of Partial Feedback 30 2.3.5 Adaptive Threshold Version Schedulers 33 2.4 Conclusion 36 Chapter 3 Frequency Reuse Policies for Fixed Relays in Cellular Networks 40 3.1 System Model 40 3.1.1 Frame Transmission and Frequency Reuse Patterns among RSs 42 3.1.2 Positioning of RSs and Channel Capacity 44 3.1.3 Area Spectral Efficiency 45 3.2 Radio Resource Management Policies Based on Frequency Reuse 46 3.2.1 Path Selection Rule 46 3.2.2 Frequency Reuse and Frame Transmission Pattern Matchings among Cells 52 3.3 Monte Carlo Simulation and Results 53 3.4 Consideration of Practical Issues 80 3.5 Conclusion 81 Chapter 4 Surveys of Further Works 83 4.1 Further Works on QoS Schedulers 83 4.1.1 WiMAX Schedulers 85 4.1.2 LTE Schedulers 92 4.2 Further Works on Radio Resource Management in Relay Systems 98 4.3 Future Challenges 100 Chapter 5 Conclusion 104 Bibliography 107 초록 127Docto

Project Final Report – FREEDOM ICT-248891

This document is the final publishable summary report of the objective and work carried out within the European Project FREEDOM, ICT-248891.This document is the final publishable summary report of the objective and work carried out within the European Project FREEDOM, ICT-248891.Preprin

Evaluation of 3GPP Technology Candidate Towards Fourth Generation Mobile

[ES] LTE-Advanced es una de las tecnologías candidatas para convertirse en la próxima generación de comunicaciones móviles (4G). Es responsabilidad de la Unión Internacional de las Telecomunicaciones (UIT) evaluar esta tecnología a través de los Grupos de Evaluación Externos (GEE), entre los cuales se encuentra el consorcio WINNER+ (Wireless World Initiative New Radio +). El Grupo de Comunicaciones Móviles (GCM) del Instituto de Telecomunicaciones y Aplicaciones Multimedia, como socio de WINNER+, está analizando diferentes técnicas para optimizar la red de acceso radio LTEAdvanced. Esta tesina de máster se enmarca dentro de este trabajo, y especialmente, en la comparación de los turbo-códigos (TC) y Low Density Partity Check (LDPC) para anchos de banda de hasta 100 MHz. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que tanto los TC como los LDPC son buenos codificadores para esos tamaños de bloque. Los códigos LDPC representan una mejora de 0.5 dB como máximo respecto a los TC. Además, se ha realizado un estudio de prestaciones de la capa física de LTE en el enlace ascendente y descendente, junto con una propuesta de calibración de este tipo de simulaciones de enlace.[EN] LTE-Advanced is one promising candidate technology to become part of the next generation mobile (4G). It is up to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) standardization body to assess this technology through the External Evaluation Groups (EEG), being one of them the WINNER+ project (Wireless World Initiative New Radio +). The Mobile Communications Group (MCG) of the Institute of Telecommunications and Multimedia Applications, as a partner of WINNER+, is currently analyzing and proposing different techniques with the aim of optimizing the LTE-Advanced radio access network. This Master Thesis is part of this activity and, especially, on the comparison of Turbo (TC) and Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes for bandwidths up to 100 MHz. Results prove that both TC and LDPC codes are good encoders for those block sizes. The LDPC codes only entail a maximum 0.5 dB improvement as compared with TC. In addition to this assessment, a performance study of LTE downlink/uplink (DL/ UL) physical layer together with a calibration proposal for link level simulations has been carried out.Cabrejas Peñuelas, J. (2009). Evaluation of 3GPP Technology Candidate Towards Fourth Generation Mobile. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/27347.Archivo delegad