An Overview of PAPR Reduction Techniques for an MC-CDMA System

Abstract-MC-CDMA is the most promising technique for high bit rate and high capacity transmission in wireless communication. One of the challenging issues of MC-CDMA system is very high PAPR due to large number of sub-carriers which reduces the system efficiency. This paper describes the various PAPR reduction techniques for MC-CDMA system. Criterion for the selection of PAPR reduction technique and also the comparison between the reduction techniques has been discussed

Peak to average power ratio reduction and error control in MIMO-OFDM HARQ System

Currently, multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMOOFDM) systems underlie crucial wireless communication systems such as commercial 4G and 5G networks, tactical communication, and interoperable Public Safety communications. However, one drawback arising from OFDM modulation is its resulting high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). This problem increases with an increase in the number of transmit antennas. In this work, a new hybrid PAPR reduction technique is proposed for space-time block coding (STBC) MIMO-OFDM systems that combine the coding capabilities to PAPR reduction methods, while leveraging the new degree of freedom provided by the presence of multiple transmit chairs (MIMO). In the first part, we presented an extensive literature review of PAPR reduction techniques for OFDM and MIMO-OFDM systems. The work developed a PAPR reduction technique taxonomy, and analyzed the motivations for reducing the PAPR in current communication systems, emphasizing two important motivations such as power savings and coverage gain. In the tax onomy presented here, we include a new category, namely, hybrid techniques. Additionally, we drew a conclusion regarding the importance of hybrid PAPR reduction techniques. In the second part, we studied the effect of forward error correction (FEC) codes on the PAPR for the coded OFDM (COFDM) system. We simulated and compared the CCDF of the PAPR and its relationship with the autocorrelation of the COFDM signal before the inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) block. This allows to conclude on the main characteristics of the codes that generate high peaks in the COFDM signal, and therefore, the optimal parameters in order to reduce PAPR. We emphasize our study in FEC codes as linear block codes, and convolutional codes. Finally, we proposed a new hybrid PAPR reduction technique for an STBC MIMO-OFDM system, in which the convolutional code is optimized to avoid PAPR degradation, which also combines successive suboptimal cross-antenna rotation and inversion (SS-CARI) and iterative modified companding and filtering schemes. The new method permits to obtain a significant net gain for the system, i.e., considerable PAPR reduction, bit error rate (BER) gain as compared to the basic MIMO-OFDM system, low complexity, and reduced spectral splatter. The new hybrid technique was extensively evaluated by simulation, and the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF), the BER, and the power spectral density (PSD) were compared to the original STBC MIMO-OFDM signal

On PAPR Reduction of OFDM using Partial Transmit Sequence with Intelligent Optimization Algorithms

In recent time, the demand for multimedia data services over wireless links has grown up rapidly. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) forms the basis for all 3G and beyond wireless communication standards due to its efficient frequency utilization permitting near ideal data rate and ubiquitous coverage with high mobility. OFDM signals are prone to high peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR). Unfortunately, the high PAPR inherent to OFDM signal envelopes occasionally drives high power amplifiers (HPAs) to operate in the nonlinear region of their characteristic leading out-of-band radiation, reduction in efficiency of communication system etc. A plethora of research has been devoted to reducing the performance degradation due to the PAPR problem inherent to OFDM systems. Advanced techniques such as partial transmit sequences (PTS) and selected mapping (SLM) have been considered most promising for PAPR reduction. Such techniques are seen to be efficient for distortion-less signal processing but suffer from computational complexity and often requires transmission of extra information in terms of several side information (SI) bits leading to loss in effective data rate. This thesis investigates the PAPR problem using Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) scheme, where optimization is achieved with evolutionary bio-inspired metaheuristic stochastic algorithms. The phase factor optimization in PTS is used for PAPR reduction. At first, swarm intelligence based Firefly PTS (FF-PTS) algorithm is proposed which delivers improved PAPR performance with reduced searching complexity. Following this, Cuckoo Search based PTS (CS-PTS) technique is presented, which offers good PAPR performance in terms of solution quality and convergence speed. Lastly, Improved Harmony search based PTS (IHS-PTS) is introduced, which provides improved PAPR. The algorithm has simple structure with a very few parameters for larger PTS sub-blocks. The PAPR performance of the proposed technique with different parameters is also verified through extensive computer simulations. Furthermore, complexity analysis of algorithms demonstrates that the proposed schemes offer significant complexity reduction when compared to standard PAPR reduction techniques. Findings have been validated through extensive simulation tests

Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction of DOCSIS 3.1 Downstream Signals

Tone reservation (TR) is an attractive and widely used method for peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals, where both transmitter and receiver agree upon a number of subcarriers or tones to be reserved to generate a peak canceling signal that can reduce the peak power of the transmitted signals. The tones are selected to be mutually exclusive with the tones used for data transmission, which allows the receiver to extract the data symbols without distortions. This thesis presents two novel PAPR reduction algorithms for OFDM signals based on the TR principle, which do not distort the transmitted signals. The first proposed algorithm is performed in the time domain, whereas the second algorithm is a new clipping-and-filtering method. Both algorithms consist of two stages. The first stage, which is done off-line, creates a set of canceling signals based on the settings of the OFDM system. In particular, these signals are constructed to cancel signals at different levels of maximum instantaneous power that are above a predefined threshold. The second stage, which is online and iterative, reduces the signal peaks by using the canceling signals constructed in the first stage. The precalculated canceling signals can be updated when different tone sets are selected for data transmission, accommodating many practical applications. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms achieve slightly better PAPR reduction performance than the conventional algorithms. Moreover, such performance is achieved with much lower computational complexity in terms of numbers of multiplications and additions per iteration. Among the two proposed algorithms, the time-domain algorithm gives the best peak reduction performance but the clipping-and-filtering algorithm requires considerably less number of multiplications per iteration and can be efficiently implemented using the fast Fourier transform (FFT)/inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) structure

Systèmes OFDM optiques à détection directe à complexité réduite pour les communications à haut débit

A possible approach to maximize the data rate per wavelength, is to employ the high spectral efficiency discrete multitone (DMT) modulation. The work presented in this thesis mainly focuses on optimizing the power consumption and cost of DMT, that are the major obstacles to its market development. Within this context, we have first developed novel techniques permitting to discard the use of Hermitian symmetry in DMT modulations, thus significantly reducing the power consumption and the system cost. We have next proposed an asymmetric linear companding algorithm permitting to reduce the optical power of conventional DCO-OFDM modulation with a moderate complexity. A new VCSEL behavioural model based on the use of the VCSEL quasi-static characteristic was also developed to accurately evaluate the VCSEL impact on DMT modulations. Finally, we have built an experimental system to experimentally validate our proposed techniques. Several simulations and measurement results are then provided.Une approche pour augmenter le débit par longueur d'onde, est d'utiliser la modulation DMT (Discrete Multitone) à haute efficacité spectrale. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse se focalise principalement sur l'optimisation de la consommation en puissance et le coût de la DMT, qui présentent des obstacles majeurs à son industrialisation. Dans ce cadre, nous avons tout d'abord développé des nouvelles techniques permettant d'exclure la symétrie Hermitienne des modulations DMT, réduisant ainsi considérablement la consommation en puissance et le coût du système. Nous avons ensuite proposé un algorithme de compression linéaire asymétrique permettant de réduire la puissance optique de la modulation DMT avec une complexité modérée. Un nouveau modèle comportemental du VCSEL basé sur la caractéristique quasi-statique a été également développé. Nous avons enfin validé expérimentalement les techniques que nous avons proposées. Plusieurs résultats de simulations et de mesures sont ainsi présentés

Performance evaluation of T-transform based OFDM in underwater acoustic channels

PhD ThesisRecently there has been an increasing trend towards the implementation of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based multicarrier communication systems in underwater acoustic communications. By dividing the available bandwidth into multiple sub-bands, OFDM systems enable reliable transmission over long range dispersive channels. However OFDM is prone to impairments such as severe frequency selective fading channels, motioned induced Doppler shift and high peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR). In order to fully exploit the potential of OFDM in UWA channels, those issues have received a great deal of attention in recent research. With the aim of improving OFDM's performance in UWA channels, a T-transformed based OFDM system is introduced using a low computational complexity T-transform that combines the Walsh-Hadamard transform (WHT) and the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) into a single fast orthonormal unitary transform. Through real-world experiment, performance comparison between the proposed T-OFDM system and conventional OFDM system revealed that T-OFDM performs better than OFDM with high code rate in frequency selective fading channels. Furthermore, investigation of different equalizer techniques have shown that the limitation of ZF equalizers affect the T-OFDM more (one bad equalizer coefficient affects all symbols) and so developed a modified ZF equalizer with outlier detection which provides major performance gain without excessive computation load. Lastly, investigation of PAPR reduction methods delineated that T-OFDM has inherently lower PAPR and it is also far more tolerant of distortions introduced by the simple clipping method. As a result, lower PAPR can be achieved with minimal overhead and so outperforming OFDM for a given power limit at the transmitter

Nonlinear Distortion in Wideband Radio Receivers and Analog-to-Digital Converters: Modeling and Digital Suppression

Emerging wireless communications systems aim to flexible and efficient usage of radio spectrum in order to increase data rates. The ultimate goal in this field is a cognitive radio. It employs spectrum sensing in order to locate spatially and temporally vacant spectrum chunks that can be used for communications. In order to achieve that, flexible and reconfigurable transceivers are needed. A software-defined radio can provide these features by having a highly-integrated wideband transceiver with minimum analog components and mostly relying on digital signal processing. This is also desired from size, cost, and power consumption point of view. However, several challenges arise, from which dynamic range is one of the most important. This is especially true on receiver side where several signals can be received simultaneously through a single receiver chain. In extreme cases the weakest signal can be almost 100 dB weaker than the strongest one. Due to the limited dynamic range of the receiver, the strongest signals may cause nonlinear distortion which deteriorates spectrum sensing capabilities and also reception of the weakest signals. The nonlinearities are stemming from the analog receiver components and also from analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). This is a performance bottleneck in many wideband communications and also radar receivers. The dynamic range challenges are already encountered in current devices, such as in wideband multi-operator receiver scenarios in mobile networks, and the challenges will have even more essential role in the future.This thesis focuses on aforementioned receiver scenarios and contributes to modeling and digital suppression of nonlinear distortion. A behavioral model for direct-conversion receiver nonlinearities is derived and it jointly takes into account RF, mixer, and baseband nonlinearities together with I/Q imbalance. The model is then exploited in suppression of receiver nonlinearities. The considered method is based on adaptive digital post-processing and does not require any analog hardware modification. It is able to extract all the necessary information directly from the received waveform in order to suppress the nonlinear distortion caused by the strongest blocker signals inside the reception band.In addition, the nonlinearities of ADCs are considered. Even if the dynamic range of the analog receiver components is not limiting the performance, ADCs may cause considerable amount of nonlinear distortion. It can originate, e.g., from undeliberate variations of quantization levels. Furthermore, the received waveform may exceed the nominal voltage range of the ADC due to signal power variations. This causes unintentional signal clipping which creates severe nonlinear distortion. In this thesis, a Fourier series based model is derived for the signal clipping caused by ADCs. Furthermore, four different methods are considered for suppressing ADC nonlinearities, especially unintentional signal clipping. The methods exploit polynomial modeling, interpolation, or symbol decisions for suppressing the distortion. The common factor is that all the methods are based on digital post-processing and are able to continuously adapt to variations in the received waveform and in the receiver itself. This is a very important aspect in wideband receivers, especially in cognitive radios, when the flexibility and state-of-the-art performance is required

Interference mitigation techniques for wireless OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a promising multicarrier wireless system for transmission of high-rate data stream with spectral efficiency and fading immunity. Conventional OFDM system use efficient IFFT and FFT to multiplex the signals in parallel at the transmitter and receiver respectively. On the other hand, wavelet based OFDM system uses orthonormal wavelets which are derived from a multistage tree-structured wavelet family. The Fourier based and wavelet based OFDM systems are studied in this dissertation. Two types of QAM schemes, circular and square modulations are used to compare the performance in both OFDM systems. A new approach of determining exact BER for optimal circular QAM is proposed. In addition, the presence of narrowband interference (NBI) degrades the performance of OFDM systems. Thus, a mitigation technique is necessary to suppress NBI in an OFDM system. Recent mitigation techniques can be broadly categorized into frequency domain cancellation, receiver windowing and excision filtering. However, none of the techniques considers wavelet based OFDM. Therefore, an interference cancelation algorithm has been proposed to work for both OFDM platforms. The performance results of two OFDM schemes applicable to digital video broadcasting (DVB)-terrestrial system and under the effect of impulsive noise interference are also studied. BER performances are obtained in all results. It has been shown that wavelet based OFDM system has outperformed Fourier based OFDM system in many cases

An Investigation of Orthogonal Wavelet Division Multiplexing Techniques as an Alternative to Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Transmissions and Comparison of Wavelet Families and Their Children

Recently, issues surrounding wireless communications have risen to prominence because of the increase in the popularity of wireless applications. Bandwidth problems, and the difficulty of modulating signals across carriers, represent significant challenges. Every modulation scheme used to date has had limitations, and the use of the Discrete Fourier Transform in OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) is no exception. The restriction on further development of OFDM lies primarily within the type of transform it uses in the heart of its system, Fourier transform. OFDM suffers from sensitivity to Peak to Average Power Ratio, carrier frequency offset and wasting some bandwidth to guard successive OFDM symbols. The discovery of the wavelet transform has opened up a number of potential applications from image compression to watermarking and encryption. Very recently, work has been done to investigate the potential of using wavelet transforms within the communication space. This research will further investigate a recently proposed, innovative, modulation technique, Orthogonal Wavelet Division Multiplex, which utilises the wavelet transform opening a new avenue for an alternative modulation scheme with some interesting potential characteristics. Wavelet transform has many families and each of those families has children which each differ in filter length. This research consider comprehensively investigates the new modulation scheme, and proposes multi-level dynamic sub-banding as a tool to adapt variable signal bandwidths. Furthermore, all compactly supported wavelet families and their associated children of those families are investigated and evaluated against each other and compared with OFDM. The linear computational complexity of wavelet transform is less than the logarithmic complexity of Fourier in OFDM. The more important complexity is the operational complexity which is cost effectiveness, such as the time response of the system, the memory consumption and the number of iterative operations required for data processing. Those complexities are investigated for all available compactly supported wavelet families and their children and compared with OFDM. The evaluation reveals which wavelet families perform more effectively than OFDM, and for each wavelet family identifies which family children perform the best. Based on these results, it is concluded that the wavelet modulation scheme has some interesting advantages over OFDM, such as lower complexity and bandwidth conservation of up to 25%, due to the elimination of guard intervals and dynamic bandwidth allocation, which result in better cost effectiveness