1,653 research outputs found
Implicit Skinning: Real-Time Skin Deformation with Contact Modeling
SIGGRAPH 2013 Conference ProceedingsInternational audienceGeometric skinning techniques, such as smooth blending or dualquaternions, are very popular in the industry for their high performances, but fail to mimic realistic deformations. Other methods make use of physical simulation or control volume to better capture the skin behavior, yet they cannot deliver real-time feedback. In this paper, we present the first purely geometric method handling skin contact effects and muscular bulges in real-time. The insight is to exploit the advanced composition mechanism of volumetric, implicit representations for correcting the results of geometric skinning techniques. The mesh is first approximated by a set of implicit surfaces. At each animation step, these surfaces are combined in real-time and used to adjust the position of mesh vertices, starting from their smooth skinning position. This deformation step is done without any loss of detail and seamlessly handles contacts between skin parts. As it acts as a post-process, our method fits well into the standard animation pipeline. Moreover, it requires no intensive computation step such as collision detection, and therefore provides real-time performances
Efficient and accurate simulations of deformable particles immersed in a fluid using a combined immersed boundary lattice Boltzmann finite element method
The deformation of an initially spherical capsule, freely suspended in simple
shear flow, can be computed analytically in the limit of small deformations [D.
Barthes-Biesel, J. M. Rallison, The Time-Dependent Deformation of a Capsule
Freely Suspended in a Linear Shear Flow, J. Fluid Mech. 113 (1981) 251-267].
Those analytic approximations are used to study the influence of the mesh
tessellation method, the spatial resolution, and the discrete delta function of
the immersed boundary method on the numerical results obtained by a coupled
immersed boundary lattice Boltzmann finite element method. For the description
of the capsule membrane, a finite element method and the Skalak constitutive
model [R. Skalak et al., Strain Energy Function of Red Blood Cell Membranes,
Biophys. J. 13 (1973) 245-264] have been employed. Our primary goal is the
investigation of the presented model for small resolutions to provide a sound
basis for efficient but accurate simulations of multiple deformable particles
immersed in a fluid. We come to the conclusion that details of the membrane
mesh, as tessellation method and resolution, play only a minor role. The
hydrodynamic resolution, i.e., the width of the discrete delta function, can
significantly influence the accuracy of the simulations. The discretization of
the delta function introduces an artificial length scale, which effectively
changes the radius and the deformability of the capsule. We discuss
possibilities of reducing the computing time of simulations of deformable
objects immersed in a fluid while maintaining high accuracy.Comment: 23 pages, 14 figures, 3 table
COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES TO UNDERSTAND PHENOTYPIC STRUCTURE AND CONSTITUTIVE MECHANICS RELATIONSHIPS OF SINGLE CELLS
The goal of this work is to better understand the relationship between the structure and function of biological cells by simulating their nonlinear mechanical behavior under static and dynamic loading using image structure-based finite element modeling (FEM). Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are chosen for this study due to the strong correlation of the geometric arrangement of their structural components on their mechanical behavior and the implications of that behavior on diseases such as atherosclerosis. VSMCs are modeled here using a linear elastic material model together with truss elements, which simulate the cytoskeletal fiber network that provides the cells with much of their internal structural support. Geometric characterization of single VSMCs of two physiologically relevant phenotypes in 2D cell culture is achieved using confocal microscopy in conjunction with novel image processing techniques. These computer vision techniques use image segmentation, 2D frequency analysis, and linear programming approaches to create representative 3D model structures consisting of the cell nucleus, cytoplasm, and actin stress fiber network of each cell. These structures are then imported into MSC Patran for structural analysis with Marc. Mechanical characterization is achieved using atomic force microscopy (AFM) indentation. Material properties for each VSMC model are input based on values individually obtained through experimentation, and the results of each model are compared against those experimental values. This study is believed to be a significant step towards the viability of finite element models in the field of cellular mechanics because the geometries of the cells in the model are based on confocal microscopy images of actual cells and thus, the results of the model can be compared against experimental data for those same cells
Surface-guided computing to analyze subcellular morphology and membrane-associated signals in 3D
Signal transduction and cell function are governed by the spatiotemporal
organization of membrane-associated molecules. Despite significant advances in
visualizing molecular distributions by 3D light microscopy, cell biologists
still have limited quantitative understanding of the processes implicated in
the regulation of molecular signals at the whole cell scale. In particular,
complex and transient cell surface morphologies challenge the complete sampling
of cell geometry, membrane-associated molecular concentration and activity and
the computing of meaningful parameters such as the cofluctuation between
morphology and signals. Here, we introduce u-Unwrap3D, a framework to remap
arbitrarily complex 3D cell surfaces and membrane-associated signals into
equivalent lower dimensional representations. The mappings are bidirectional,
allowing the application of image processing operations in the data
representation best suited for the task and to subsequently present the results
in any of the other representations, including the original 3D cell surface.
Leveraging this surface-guided computing paradigm, we track segmented surface
motifs in 2D to quantify the recruitment of Septin polymers by blebbing events;
we quantify actin enrichment in peripheral ruffles; and we measure the speed of
ruffle movement along topographically complex cell surfaces. Thus, u-Unwrap3D
provides access to spatiotemporal analyses of cell biological parameters on
unconstrained 3D surface geometries and signals.Comment: 49 pages, 10 figure
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Deforming grid generation for numerical simulations of fluid dynamics in sliding vane rotary machines
The limiting factor for the employment of advanced 3D CFD tools in the analysis and design of rotary vane machines is the unavailability of methods for generation of a computational grid suitable for fast and reliable numerical analysis. The paper addresses this issue through an analytical grid generation based on the user defined nodal displacement which discretizes the moving and deforming fluid domain of the sliding vane machine and ensures conservation of intrinsic quantities by maintaining the cell connec- tivity and structure. Mesh boundaries are defined as parametric curves generated using trigonometrical modelling of the axial cross section of the machine while the distribution of computational nodes is per- formed using algebraic algorithms with transfinite interpolation, post orthogonalisation and smoothing. Algebraic control functions are introduced for distribution of nodes on the rotor and casing boundaries in order to achieve good grid quality in terms of cell size and expansion. For testing of generated grids, single phase simulations of an industrial air rotary vane compressor are solved by use of commercial CFD solvers FLUENT and CFX. This paper presents implementation of the mesh motion algorithm, sta- bility and robustness experienced with the solvers when working with highly deforming grids and the obtained flow results.The work documented in this paper has been funded by the 2015 Scholarship of the Knowledge Centre on Organic Rankine Cy- cle technology ( www.kcorc.org ), the organization formed by the members of the ORC Power Systems committee of the ASME In- ternational Gas Turbine Institute (IGTI)
Cfd Analysis Of Helicopter Rotor-fuselage Flow Interaction In Hovering And Forward Flight Conditions
Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2016Thesis (Ph.D.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2016Askı ve ileri uçuş durumunda zorlu rotor-gövde akış etkileşim problemini incelemek için zamana bağlı sıkıştırılabilir akış analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sistemi oluşturan herbir bileşenin akış yapısı üzerindeki etkilerini irdelemek için izole gövde ve izole rotor konfigürasyonları ele alınmıştır. Daha sonra, bileşenlerin birbirlerine olan etkilerini incelemek amacıyla sistemin tamamı analize tabi tutulmuştur. İzole gövde analizleri RANS tabanlı daimi hesaplamalara dayanmaktadır. Rotor palalarını içeren durumlar için ise URANS çözümleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Akışın türbülanslı doğasını modellemek için daha güvenilir sonuç ürettiği analizler ile tespit edilmiş olan Realizable k-ε türbülans modeli kullanılmıştır. Zamana bağlı rotor analizleri üç farklı ilerleme oranı için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Hava yükleri nedeniyle palada gözlemlenen dinamik hareketler azimut açısı ile periyodik bir şekilde değişim gösterirken, aynı zamanda ilerleme oranına bağlı olarak da değişim göstermektedir. Palanın tanımlı hareketleri, mevcut kod yetenekleri ile temsil edilememektedir. Fakat, bu dinamik hareketler ticari HAD yazılımı içerisine kullanıcı tarafından yazılan bir kod vasıtasıyla simülasyon modeline dahil edilebilmektedir. Bilhassa ileri uçuş şartlarında daha belirgin olan çırpma ve yunuslama hareketlerini modellemek için birinci mertebe Fourier serilerinden yararlanılarak bir UDF kodu yazılmıştır. Hesaplama hacmi düzensiz yapıda olup karma elemanlardan oluşmaktadır. Dinamik çözüm ağı yaklaşımlarında sıklıkla görülen problemler çözüm ağı deformasyonu ve çözüm ağı oluşturma yöntemlerinin kullanıldığı dinamik ağlar ile aşılmıştır. Mevcut sayısal çalışmanın doğruluğu deneyler ve diğer sayısal çalışmaların sonuçları ile karşılaştırılarak ortaya konmuştur. Benzer başarılı sonuçlar, daha az sayıda çözüm ağı kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Bu nedenle, mevcut yöntem hesaplama süresinde azalma sağlamakta ve makul hesaplama kaynağı kullanımını mümkün kılmaktadır.Unsteady compressible flow analyses are carried out to investigate the challenging helicopter rotor–fuselage interaction problem in hover and forward flight conditions. First, the isolated fuselage and the isolated rotor configurations are analyzed to examine the individual effects of each component on the flow field. Then, the rotor-fuselage interaction problem is considered. The isolated fuselage analyses are based on the steady RANS computations. URANS simulations are carried out for the cases with rotor blades. The Realizable k-ε turbulence model is found to perform best for the predictions. The time-dependent rotor analyses are simulated at three different advance ratios. The blade dynamic motions excited by the air loads, which vary periodically in the azimuth direction and also differ based on the advance ratio, have been prescribed by a UDF code embedded into the solver, since these motions cannot be directly represented with the existing commercial code capabilities. Azimuthal variations of the flap and pitch motions of the blades are prescribed a priori as a first order Fourier series through User Defined Function feature of the code. The computational domain was modeled by unstructured hybrid mesh elements. Commonly seen dynamic mesh problems are alleviated by appropriately formed dynamic grids using the spring based smoothing and cell re-meshing methods. The accuracy of the present numerical predictions has been demonstrated by the comparison of obtained results with the experiments and other numerical results available in the open literature. The present single grid methodology has given similar successful results with much lower number of grid elements, thus resulting in much shorter computing times, using modest computational power.DoktoraPh.D
Methods for 3D Geometry Processing in the Cultural Heritage Domain
This thesis presents methods for 3D geometry processing under the aspects of cultural heritage applications. After a short overview over the relevant basics in 3D geometry processing, the present thesis investigates the digital acquisition of 3D models. A particular challenge in this context are on the one hand difficult surface or material properties of the model to be captured. On the other hand, the fully automatic reconstruction of models even with suitable surface properties that can be captured with Laser range scanners is not yet completely solved. This thesis presents two approaches to tackle these challenges. One exploits a thorough capture of the object’s appearance and a coarse reconstruction for a concise and realistic object representation even for objects with problematic surface properties like reflectivity and transparency. The other method concentrates on digitisation via Laser-range scanners and exploits 2D colour images that are typically recorded with the range images for a fully automatic registration technique. After reconstruction, the captured models are often still incomplete, exhibit holes and/or regions of insufficient sampling. In addition to that, holes are often deliberately introduced into a registered model to remove some undesired or defective surface part. In order to produce a visually appealing model, for instance for visualisation purposes, for prototype or replica production, these holes have to be detected and filled. Although completion is a well-established research field in 2D image processing and many approaches do exist for image completion, surface completion in 3D is a fairly new field of research. This thesis presents a hierarchical completion approach that employs and extends successful exemplar-based 2D image processing approaches to 3D and fills in detail-equipped surface patches into missing surface regions. In order to identify and construct suitable surface patches, selfsimilarity and coherence properties of the surface context of the hole are exploited. In addition to the reconstruction and repair, the present thesis also investigates methods for a modification of captured models via interactive modelling. In this context, modelling is regarded as a creative process, for instance for animation purposes. On the other hand, it is also demonstrated how this creative process can be used to introduce human expertise into the otherwise automatic completion process. This way, reconstructions are feasible even of objects where already the data source, the object itself, is incomplete due to corrosion, demolition, or decay.Methoden zur 3D-Geometrieverarbeitung im Kulturerbesektor In dieser Arbeit werden Methoden zur Bearbeitung von digitaler 3D-Geometrie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Anwendungsbereichs im Kulturerbesektor vorgestellt. Nach einem kurzen Überblick über die relevanten Grundlagen der dreidimensionalen Geometriebehandlung wird zunächst die digitale Akquise von dreidimensionalen Objekten untersucht. Eine besondere Herausforderung stellen bei der Erfassung einerseits ungünstige Oberflächen- oder Materialeigenschaften der Objekte dar (wie z.B. Reflexivität oder Transparenz), andererseits ist auch die vollautomatische Rekonstruktion von solchen Modellen, die sich verhältnismäßig problemlos mit Laser-Range Scannern erfassen lassen, immer noch nicht vollständig gelöst. Daher bilden zwei neuartige Verfahren, die diesen Herausforderungen begegnen, den Anfang. Auch nach der Registrierung sind die erfassten Datensätze in vielen Fällen unvollständig, weisen Löcher oder nicht ausreichend abgetastete Regionen auf. Darüber hinaus werden in vielen Anwendungen auch, z.B. durch Entfernen unerwünschter Oberflächenregionen, Löcher gewollt hinzugefügt. Für eine optisch ansprechende Rekonstruktion, vor allem zu Visualisierungszwecken, im Bildungs- oder Unterhaltungssektor oder zur Prototyp- und Replik-Erzeugung müssen diese Löcher zunächst automatisch detektiert und anschließend geschlossen werden. Obwohl dies im zweidimensionalen Fall der Bildbearbeitung bereits ein gut untersuchtes Forschungsfeld darstellt und vielfältige Ansätze zur automatischen Bildvervollständigung existieren, ist die Lage im dreidimensionalen Fall anders, und die Übertragung von zweidimensionalen Ansätzen in den 3D stellt vielfach eine große Herausforderung dar, die bislang keine zufriedenstellenden Lösungen erlaubt hat. Nichtsdestoweniger wird in dieser Arbeit ein hierarchisches Verfahren vorgestellt, das beispielbasierte Konzepte aus dem 2D aufgreift und Löcher in Oberflächen im 3D unter Ausnutzung von Selbstähnlichkeiten und Kohärenzeigenschaften des Oberflächenkontextes schließt. Um plausible Oberflächen zu erzeugen werden die Löcher dabei nicht nur glatt gefüllt, sondern auch feinere Details aus dem Kontext rekonstruiert. Abschließend untersucht die vorliegende Arbeit noch die Modifikation der vervollständigten Objekte durch Freiformmodellierung. Dies wird dabei zum einen als kreativer Prozess z.B. zu Animationszwecken betrachtet. Zum anderen wird aber auch untersucht, wie dieser kreative Prozess benutzt werden kann, um etwaig vorhandenes Expertenwissen in die ansonsten automatische Vervollständigung mit einfließen zu lassen. Auf diese Weise werden auch Rekonstruktionen ermöglicht von Objekten, bei denen schon die Datenquelle, also das Objekt selbst z.B. durch Korrosion oder mutwillige Zerstörung unvollständig ist
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Finite deformation elastography of articular cartilage and biomaterials based on imaging and topology optimization
Tissues and engineered biomaterials exhibit exquisite local variation in stiffness that defines their function. Conventional elastography quantifies stiffness in soft (e.g. brain, liver) tissue, but robust quantification in stiff (e.g. musculoskeletal) tissues is challenging due to dissipation of high frequency shear waves. We describe new development of finite deformation elastography that utilizes magnetic resonance imaging of low frequency, physiological-level (large magnitude) displacements, coupled to an iterative topology optimization routine to investigate stiffness heterogeneity, including spatial gradients and inclusions. We reconstruct 2D and 3D stiffness distributions in bilayer agarose hydrogels and silicon materials that exhibit heterogeneous displacement/strain responses. We map stiffness in porcine and sheep articular cartilage deep within the bony articular joint space in situ for the first time. Elevated cartilage stiffness localized to the superficial zone is further related to collagen fiber compaction and loss of water content during cyclic loading, as assessed by independent T2 measurements. We additionally describe technical challenges needed to achieve in vivo elastography measurements. Our results introduce new functional imaging biomarkers, which can be assessed nondestructively, with clinical potential to diagnose and track progression of disease in early stages, including osteoarthritis or tissue degeneration.
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