SEAGLE: Sparsity-Driven Image Reconstruction under Multiple Scattering

Multiple scattering of an electromagnetic wave as it passes through an object is a fundamental problem that limits the performance of current imaging systems. In this paper, we describe a new technique-called Series Expansion with Accelerated Gradient Descent on Lippmann-Schwinger Equation (SEAGLE)-for robust imaging under multiple scattering based on a combination of a new nonlinear forward model and a total variation (TV) regularizer. The proposed forward model can account for multiple scattering, which makes it advantageous in applications where linear models are inaccurate. Specifically, it corresponds to a series expansion of the scattered wave with an accelerated-gradient method. This expansion guarantees the convergence even for strongly scattering objects. One of our key insights is that it is possible to obtain an explicit formula for computing the gradient of our nonlinear forward model with respect to the unknown object, thus enabling fast image reconstruction with the state-of-the-art fast iterative shrinkage/thresholding algorithm (FISTA). The proposed method is validated on both simulated and experimentally measured data

Optical tomography: forward and inverse problems

This paper is a review of recent mathematical and computational advances in optical tomography. We discuss the physical foundations of forward models for light propagation on microscopic, mesoscopic and macroscopic scales. We also consider direct and numerical approaches to the inverse problems that arise at each of these scales. Finally, we outline future directions and open problems in the field.Comment: 70 pages, 2 figure

Kinetic Solvers with Adaptive Mesh in Phase Space for Low-Temperature Plasmas

We describe the implementation of 1d1v and 1d2v Vlasov and Fokker-Planck kinetic solvers with adaptive mesh refinement in phase space (AMPS) and coupling these kinetic solvers to Poisson equation solver for electric field. We demonstrate that coupling AMPS kinetic and electrostatic solvers can be done efficiently without splitting phase-space transport. We show that Eulerian fluid and kinetic solvers with dynamically adaptive Cartesian mesh can be used for simulations of collisionless plasma expansion into vacuum. The Vlasov-Fokker-Planck solver is demonstrated for the analysis of electron acceleration and scattering as well as the generation of runaway electrons in spatially inhomogeneous electric fields

High-order, Dispersionless "Fast-Hybrid" Wave Equation Solver. Part I: O(1)\mathcal{O}(1) Sampling Cost via Incident-Field Windowing and Recentering

This paper proposes a frequency/time hybrid integral-equation method for the time dependent wave equation in two and three-dimensional spatial domains. Relying on Fourier Transformation in time, the method utilizes a fixed (time-independent) number of frequency-domain integral-equation solutions to evaluate, with superalgebraically-small errors, time domain solutions for arbitrarily long times. The approach relies on two main elements, namely, 1) A smooth time-windowing methodology that enables accurate band-limited representations for arbitrarily-long time signals, and 2) A novel Fourier transform approach which, in a time-parallel manner and without causing spurious periodicity effects, delivers numerically dispersionless spectrally-accurate solutions. A similar hybrid technique can be obtained on the basis of Laplace transforms instead of Fourier transforms, but we do not consider the Laplace-based method in the present contribution. The algorithm can handle dispersive media, it can tackle complex physical structures, it enables parallelization in time in a straightforward manner, and it allows for time leaping---that is, solution sampling at any given time $T$ at $\mathcal{O}(1)$-bounded sampling cost, for arbitrarily large values of $T$, and without requirement of evaluation of the solution at intermediate times. The proposed frequency-time hybridization strategy, which generalizes to any linear partial differential equation in the time domain for which frequency-domain solutions can be obtained (including e.g. the time-domain Maxwell equations), and which is applicable in a wide range of scientific and engineering contexts, provides significant advantages over other available alternatives such as volumetric discretization, time-domain integral equations, and convolution-quadrature approaches.Comment: 33 pages, 8 figures, revised and extended manuscript (and now including direct comparisons to existing CQ and TDIE solver implementations) (Part I of II

Mathematics of Hybrid Imaging. A Brief Review

The article provides a brief survey of the mathematics of some of the newly being developed so called "hybrid" (also called "multi-physics" or "multi-wave") imaging techniques.Comment: Dedicated to the memory of Professor Leon Ehrenprei

Lagrange Discrete Ordinates: a new angular discretization for the three dimensional linear Boltzmann equation

The classical $S_n$ equations of Carlson and Lee have been a mainstay in multi-dimensional radiation transport calculations. In this paper, an alternative to the $S_n$ equations, the "Lagrange Discrete Ordinate" (LDO) equations are derived. These equations are based on an interpolatory framework for functions on the unit sphere in three dimensions. While the LDO equations retain the formal structure of the classical $S_n$ equations, they have a number of important differences. The LDO equations naturally allow the angular flux to be evaluated in directions other than those found in the quadrature set. To calculate the scattering source in the LDO equations, no spherical harmonic moments are needed--only values of the angular flux. Moreover, the LDO scattering source preserves the eigenstructure of the continuous scattering operator. The formal similarity of the LDO equations with the $S_n$ equations should allow easy modification of mature 3D $S_n$ codes such as PARTISN or PENTRAN to solve the LDO equations. Numerical results are shown that demonstrate the spectral convergence (in angle) of the LDO equations for smooth solutions and the ability to mitigate ray effects by increasing the angular resolution of the LDO equations.Comment: Submitted to Nuclear Science and Engineerin

A numerical mode matching method for wave scattering in a layered medium with a stratified inhomogeneity

Numerical mode matching (NMM) methods are widely used for analyzing wave propagation and scattering in structures that are piece-wise uniform along one spatial direction. For open structures that are unbounded in transverse directions (perpendicular to the uniform direction), the NMM methods use the perfectly matched layer (PML) technique to truncate the transverse variables. When incident waves are specified in homogeneous media surrounding the main structure, the total field is not always outgoing, and the NMM methods rely on reference solutions for each uniform segment. Existing NMM methods have difficulty handing gracing incident waves and special incident waves related to the onset of total internal reflection, and are not very efficient at computing reference solutions for non-plane incident waves. In this paper, a new NMM method is developed to overcome these limitations. A Robin-type boundary condition is proposed to ensure that non-propagating and non-decaying wave field components are not reflected by truncated PMLs. Exponential convergence of the PML solutions based on the hybrid Dirichlet-Robin boundary condition is established theoretically. A fast method is developed for computing reference solutions for cylindrical incident waves. The new NMM is implemented for two-dimensional structures and polarized electromagnetic waves. Numerical experiments are carried out to validate the new NMM method and to demonstrate its performance.Comment: 26 pages, 15 figure

Quasi-periodic Green's functions of the Helmholtz and Laplace equations

A classical problem of free-space Green's function $G_{0\Lambda}$ representations of the Helmholtz equation is studied in various quasi-periodic cases, i.e., when an underlying periodicity is imposed in less dimensions than is the dimension of an embedding space. Exponentially convergent series for the free-space quasi-periodic $G_{0\Lambda}$ and for the expansion coefficients $D_{L}$ of $G_{0\Lambda}$ in the basis of regular (cylindrical in two dimensions and spherical in three dimension (3D)) waves, or lattice sums, are reviewed and new results for the case of a one-dimensional (1D) periodicity in 3D are derived. From a mathematical point of view, a derivation of exponentially convergent representations for Schl\"{o}milch series of cylindrical and spherical Hankel functions of any integer order is accomplished. The quasi-periodic Green's functions of the Laplace equation are obtained from the corresponding representations of $G_{0\Lambda}$ of the Helmholtz equation by taking the limit of the wave vector magnitude going to zero. The derivation of relevant results in the case of a 1D periodicity in 3D highlights the common part which is universally applicable to any of remaining quasi-periodic cases. The results obtained can be useful for numerical solution of boundary integral equations for potential flows in fluid mechanics, remote sensing of periodic surfaces, periodic gratings, in many contexts of simulating systems of charged particles, in molecular dynamics, for the description of quasi-periodic arrays of point interactions in quantum mechanics, and in various ab-initio first-principle multiple-scattering theories for the analysis of diffraction of classical and quantum waves.Comment: 60 pages, 5 figures; no change in the results; introduction rewritten, refined sectioning, Fig. 1 amended, 3 references adde

A New Spherical Harmonics Scheme for Multi-Dimensional Radiation Transport I: Static Matter Configurations

Recent work by McClarren & Hauck [29] suggests that the filtered spherical harmonics method represents an efficient, robust, and accurate method for radiation transport, at least in the two-dimensional (2D) case. We extend their work to the three-dimensional (3D) case and find that all of the advantages of the filtering approach identified in 2D are present also in the 3D case. We reformulate the filter operation in a way that is independent of the timestep and of the spatial discretization. We also explore different second- and fourth-order filters and find that the second-order ones yield significantly better results. Overall, our findings suggest that the filtered spherical harmonics approach represents a very promising method for 3D radiation transport calculations.Comment: 29 pages, 13 figures. Version matching the one in Journal of Computational Physic

On X-ray scattering model for single particles, Part I: The legacy of protein crystallography

Emerging coherent X-ray scattering patterns of single particles have shown dominant morphological signatures in agreement with predictions of the scattering model used for conventional protein crystallography. The key question is if and to what extent these scattering patterns contain volumetric information, and what model can retrieve it. The scattering model of protein crystallography is valid for very small crystals or those like crystalized biomolecules with small coherent subunits. But in the general case, it fails to model the integrated intensities of diffraction spots, and cannot even find the size of the crystal. The more rigorous and less employed alternative is a purely-classical crystal-specific model, which bypasses the fundamental notion of bulk and hence the non-classical X-ray scattering from bulk. This contribution is Part 1 out of two reports, in which we seek to clarify the assumptions of some different regimes and models of X-ray scattering and their implications for single particle imaging. In this part, first basic concepts and existing models are briefly reviewed. Then the predictions of the conventional and the rigorous models for emerging scattering patterns of protein nanocrystals (intermediate case between conventional crystals and single particles) are contrasted, and the terminology conflict regarding "Diffraction Theory" is addressed. With a clearer picture of crystal scattering, Part 2 will focus on additional concepts, limitations, correction schemes, and alternative models relevant to single particles. Aside from such optical details, protein crystallography is an advanced tool of analytical chemistry and not a self-contained optical imaging technique (despite significant instrumental role of optical data). As such, its final results can be neither confirmed nor rejected on mere optical grounds; i.e., no jurisdiction for optics.Comment: Some of the reviews and discussions were moved to new appendice