1,021 research outputs found
Energy resource management in smart grids considering an Intensive use of electric vehicles
The introduction of electricity markets and integration of Distributed Generation (DG) have been influencing the power system’s structure change. Recently, the smart grid concept has been introduced, to guarantee a more efficient operation of the power system using the advantages of this new paradigm. Basically, a smart grid is a structure that integrates different players, considering constant communication between them to improve power system operation and management. One of the players revealing a big importance in this context is the Virtual Power Player (VPP).
In the transportation sector the Electric Vehicle (EV) is arising as an alternative to conventional vehicles propel by fossil fuels. The power system can benefit from this massive introduction of EVs, taking advantage on EVs’ ability to connect to the electric network to charge, and on the future expectation of EVs ability to discharge to the network using the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) capacity. This thesis proposes alternative strategies to control these two EV modes with the objective of enhancing the management of the power system. Moreover, power system must ensure the trips of EVs that will be connected to the electric network. The EV user specifies a certain amount of energy that will be necessary to charge, in order to ensure the distance to travel.
The introduction of EVs in the power system turns the Energy Resource Management (ERM) under a smart grid environment, into a complex problem that can take several minutes or hours to reach the optimal solution. Adequate optimization techniques are required to accommodate this kind of complexity while solving the ERM problem in a reasonable execution time.
This thesis presents a tool that solves the ERM considering the intensive use of EVs in the smart grid context. The objective is to obtain the minimum cost of ERM considering: the operation cost of DG, the cost of the energy acquired to external suppliers, the EV users payments and remuneration and penalty costs.
This tool is directed to VPPs that manage specific network areas, where a high penetration level of EVs is expected to be connected in these areas. The ERM is solved using two methodologies: the adaptation of a deterministic technique proposed in a previous work, and the adaptation of the Simulated Annealing (SA) technique. With the purpose of improving the SA performance for this case, three heuristics are additionally proposed, taking advantage on the particularities and specificities of an ERM with these characteristics.
A set of case studies are presented in this thesis, considering a 32 bus distribution network and up to 3000 EVs. The first case study solves the scheduling without considering EVs, to be used as a reference case for comparisons with the proposed approaches. The second case study evaluates the complexity of the ERM with the integration of EVs. The third case study evaluates the performance of scheduling with different control modes for EVs. These control modes, combined with the proposed SA approach and with the developed heuristics, aim at improving the quality of the ERM, while reducing drastically its execution time. The proposed control modes are: uncoordinated charging, smart charging and V2G capability. The fourth and final case study presents the ERM approach applied to consecutive days.A introdução dos mercados de electricidade e integração da produção distribuída tem causado alterações na estrutura e no modo de operação dos sistemas eléctricos de energia. Recentemente, o conceito de SmartGrid foi introduzido com o objectivo de garantir uma operação mais eficiente dos sistemas eléctricos de energia. Basicamente, uma SmartGrid é uma estrutura que envolve as diferentes entidades, e considera uma constante interacção e comunicação entre as mesmas, para melhorar a operação do sistema eléctrico de energia. Umas das entidades com grande relevância neste contexto são os Virtual Power Players (VPP).
Os Veículos Eléctricos (VE) têm surgido no sector dos transportes como uma alternativa aos veículos convencionais abastecidos por combustíveis fósseis. O sistema eléctrico de energia pode beneficiar dessa introdução massiva de VEs, aproveitando a sua capacidade de ligação à rede eléctrica para a carga dos veículos, e numa perspectiva mais vanguardista para descarga, fornecendo energia à rede. Nesta tese são propostas estratégias de gestão das cargas/descargas do VE com o objectivo de melhorar a operação do sistema eléctrico de energia. No processo de gestão de recursos, o operador da rede ou agregadores deverão considerar as necessidades dos utilizadores dos VEs, nomeadamente garantir a existência de energia suficiente nas baterias para que os utilizadores possam efectuar as viagens que tem programadas.
A introdução dos veículos eléctricos nos sistemas eléctricos de energia torna a gestão de recurso energéticos num ambiente de SmartGrid, um problema complexo que pode levar vários minutos ou horas para se obter uma solução. Considerando o período para o qual é necessário efectuar o escalonamento, que normalmente é para o dia seguinte ou para os 15 minutos seguintes no caso de escalonamento em tempo real, é necessário desenvolver algoritmos que permitam a resolução dos problemas em tempos muito razoáveis.
Nesta tese é apresentada uma ferramenta que permite a resolução do problema do escalonamento de recursos, considerando o uso intensivo de VEs no contexto das SmartGrid. O objectivo é obter o custo mínimo de operação, considerando: o custo de operação da produção distribuída, o custo da energia adquirida a fornecedores externos, a remuneração do uso de VEs e os custos associados ao incumprimento de condições contratuais.
A ferramenta desenvolvida é direccionada para a utilização pelos VPPs que gerem áreas de rede específicas, com um nível de penetração elevado de VEs. O escalonamento de recursos é resolvido usando duas metodologias: a adaptação de uma técnica determinista proposta em trabalhos anteriores, e a adaptação da técnica de Simulated Annealing, sendo propostas três abordagens para melhorar a solução obtida através da técnica de Simulated Annealing.
Diversos casos de estudo são apresentados, considerando uma rede de distribuição com 32 barramentos e cenários de evolução da penetração de VE até 3000 veículos. O primeiro caso de estudo, usado como um caso de referência para comparações com as abordagens propostas, resolve o escalonamento de recursos sem considerar VEs. O segundo caso avalia a complexidade do escalonamento de recursos com a integração de VEs, permitindo testar as técnicas propostas. O terceiro caso avalia o desempenho do escalonamento com diferentes modos de controlo de EVs. O quarto caso de estudo apresenta a abordagem aplicada ao escalonamento de recursos em diversos dias consecutivos
The Contemporary Affirmation of Taxonomy and Recent Literature on Workflow Scheduling and Management in Cloud Computing
The Cloud computing systemspreferred over the traditional forms of computing such as grid computing, utility computing, autonomic computing is attributed forits ease of access to computing, for its QoS preferences, SLA2019;s conformity, security and performance offered with minimal supervision. A cloud workflow schedule when designed efficiently achieves optimalre source sage, balance of workloads, deadline specific execution, cost control according to budget specifications, efficient consumption of energy etc. to meet the performance requirements of today2019; svast scientific and business requirements. The businesses requirements under recent technologies like pervasive computing are motivating the technology of cloud computing for further advancements. In this paper we discuss some of the important literature published on cloud workflow scheduling
Day-ahead Resource Scheduling Including Demand Response for Electric Vehicles
The energy resource scheduling is becoming increasingly important, as the use of distributed resources is intensified
and massive gridable vehicle (V2G) use is envisaged. This paper presents a methodology for day-ahead energy resource scheduling for smart grids considering the intensive use of distributed generation and V2G. The main focus is the comparison of different EV
management approaches in the day-ahead energy resources management, namely uncontrolled charging, smart charging, V2G and Demand Response (DR) programs i
n the V2G approach. Three different DR programs are designed and tested (trip reduce, shifting reduce and reduce+shifting). Othe
r important contribution of the
paper is the comparison between deterministic and computational
intelligence techniques to reduce the execution time. The proposed
scheduling is solved with a modified particle swarm optimization.
Mixed integer non-linear programming is also used for comparison purposes. Full ac power
flow calculation is included to allow
taking into account the network constraints. A case study with a 33-bus distribution network and 2000 V2G resources is used to illustrate the performance of the proposed method
A Review on Energy Consumption Optimization Techniques in IoT Based Smart Building Environments
In recent years, due to the unnecessary wastage of electrical energy in
residential buildings, the requirement of energy optimization and user comfort
has gained vital importance. In the literature, various techniques have been
proposed addressing the energy optimization problem. The goal of each technique
was to maintain a balance between user comfort and energy requirements such
that the user can achieve the desired comfort level with the minimum amount of
energy consumption. Researchers have addressed the issue with the help of
different optimization algorithms and variations in the parameters to reduce
energy consumption. To the best of our knowledge, this problem is not solved
yet due to its challenging nature. The gap in the literature is due to the
advancements in the technology and drawbacks of the optimization algorithms and
the introduction of different new optimization algorithms. Further, many newly
proposed optimization algorithms which have produced better accuracy on the
benchmark instances but have not been applied yet for the optimization of
energy consumption in smart homes. In this paper, we have carried out a
detailed literature review of the techniques used for the optimization of
energy consumption and scheduling in smart homes. The detailed discussion has
been carried out on different factors contributing towards thermal comfort,
visual comfort, and air quality comfort. We have also reviewed the fog and edge
computing techniques used in smart homes
Energy-aware scheduling in distributed computing systems
Distributed computing systems, such as data centers, are key for supporting modern computing demands. However, the energy consumption of data centers has become a major concern over the last decade. Worldwide energy consumption in 2012 was estimated to be around 270 TWh, and grim forecasts predict it will quadruple by 2030. Maximizing energy efficiency while also maximizing computing efficiency is a major challenge for modern data centers. This work addresses this challenge by scheduling the operation of modern data centers, considering a multi-objective approach for simultaneously optimizing both efficiency objectives. Multiple data center scenarios are studied, such as scheduling a single data center and scheduling a federation of several geographically-distributed data centers. Mathematical models are formulated for each scenario, considering the modeling of their most relevant components such as computing resources, computing workload, cooling system, networking, and green energy generators, among others. A set of accurate heuristic and metaheuristic algorithms are designed for addressing the scheduling problem. These scheduling algorithms are comprehensively studied, and compared with each other, using statistical tools to evaluate their efficacy when addressing realistic workloads and scenarios. Experimental results show the designed scheduling algorithms are able to significantly increase the energy efficiency of data centers when compared to traditional scheduling methods, while providing a diverse set of trade-off solutions regarding the computing efficiency of the data center. These results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithmic approaches for data center infrastructures.Los sistemas informáticos distribuidos, como los centros de datos, son clave para satisfacer la demanda informática moderna. Sin embargo, su consumo de energético se ha convertido en una gran preocupación. Se estima que mundialmente su consumo energético rondó los 270 TWh en el año 2012, y algunos prevén que este consumo se cuadruplicará para el año 2030. Maximizar simultáneamente la eficiencia energética y computacional de los centros de datos es un desafío crítico. Esta tesis aborda dicho desafío mediante la planificación de la operativa del centro de datos considerando un enfoque multiobjetivo para optimizar simultáneamente ambos objetivos de eficiencia. En esta tesis se estudian múltiples variantes del problema, desde la planificación de un único centro de datos hasta la de una federación de múltiples centros de datos geográficmentea distribuidos. Para esto, se formulan modelos matemáticos para cada variante del problema, modelado sus componentes más relevantes, como: recursos computacionales, carga de trabajo, refrigeración, redes, energía verde, etc. Para resolver el problema de planificación planteado, se diseñan un conjunto de algoritmos heurísticos y metaheurísticos. Estos son estudiados exhaustivamente y su eficiencia es evaluada utilizando una batería de herramientas estadísticas. Los resultados experimentales muestran que los algoritmos de planificación diseñados son capaces de aumentar significativamente la eficiencia energética de un centros de datos en comparación con métodos tradicionales planificación. A su vez, los métodos propuestos proporcionan un conjunto diverso de soluciones con diferente nivel de compromiso respecto a la eficiencia computacional del centro de datos. Estos resultados confirman la eficacia del enfoque algorítmico propuesto
Smart home energy management: An analysis of a novel dynamic pricing and demand response aware control algorithm for households with distributed renewable energy generation and storage
Home energy management systems (HEMS) technology can provide a smart and efficient way of optimising energy usage in residential buildings. One of the main goals of the Smart Grid is to achieve Demand Response (DR) by increasing end users’ participation in decision making and increasing the level of awareness that will lead them to manage their energy consumption in an efficient way. This research presents an intelligent HEMS algorithm that manages and controls a range of household appliances with different demand response (DR) limits in an automated way without requiring consumer intervention. In addition, a novel Multiple Users and Load Priority (MULP) scheme is proposed to organise and schedule the list of load priorities in advance for multiple users sharing a house and its appliances. This algorithm focuses on control strategies for controllable loads including air-conditioners, dishwashers, clothes dryers, water heaters, pool pumps and electrical vehicles. Moreover, to investigate the impact on efficiency and reliability of the proposed HEMS algorithm, small-scale renewable energy generation facilities and energy storage systems (ESSs), including batteries and electric vehicles have been incorporated. To achieve this goal, different mathematical optimisation approaches such as linear programming, heuristic methods and genetic algorithms have been applied for optimising the schedule of residential loads using different demand side management and demand response programs as well as optimising the size of a grid connected renewable energy system. Thorough incorporation of a single objective optimisation problem under different system constraints, the proposed algorithm not only reduces the residential energy usage and utility bills, but also determines an optimal scheduling for appliances to minimise any impacts on the level of consumer comfort. To verify the efficiency and robustness of the proposed algorithm a number of simulations were performed under different scenarios. The simulations for load scheduling were carried out over 24 hour periods based on real-time and day ahead electricity prices. The results obtained showed that the proposed MULP scheme resulted in a noticeable decrease in the electricity bill when compared to the other scenarios with no automated scheduling and when a renewable energy system and ESS are not incorporated. Additionally, further simulation results showed that widespread deployment of small scale fixed energy storage and electric vehicle battery storage alongside an intelligent HEMS could enable additional reductions in peak energy usage, and household energy cost. Furthermore, the results also showed that incorporating an optimally designed grid-connected renewable energy system into the proposed HEMS algorithm could significantly reduce household electricity bills, maintain comfort levels, and reduce the environmental footprint. The results of this research are considered to be of great significance as the proposed HEMS approach may help reduce the cost of integrating renewable energy resources into the national grid, which will be reflected in more users adopting these technologies. This in turn will lead to a reduction in the dependence on traditional energy resources that can have negative impacts on the environment. In particular, if a significant proportion of households in a region were to implement the proposed HEMS with the incorporation of small scale storage, then the overall peak demand could be significantly reduced providing great benefits to the grid operator as well as the households
Contributions to the development of the CRO-SL algorithm: Engineering applications problems
This Ph.D. thesis discusses advanced design issues of the evolutionary-based
algorithm \textit{"Coral Reef Optimization"}, in its Substrate-Layer (CRO-SL)
version, for optimization problems in Engineering Applications. The problems
that can be tackled with meta-heuristic approaches is very wide and varied, and
it is not exclusive of engineering. However we focus the Thesis on it area, one
of the most prominent in our time. One of the proposed application is battery
scheduling problem in Micro-Grids (MGs). Specifically, we consider an MG that
includes renewable distributed generation and different loads, defined by its
power profiles, and is equipped with an energy storage device (battery) to
address its programming (duration of loading / discharging and occurrence) in a
real scenario with variable electricity prices. Also, we discuss a problem of
vibration cancellation over structures of two and four floors, using Tuned Mass
Dampers (TMD's). The optimization algorithm will try to find the best solution
by obtaining three physical parameters and the TMD location. As another related
application, CRO-SL is used to design Multi-Input-Multi-Output Active Vibration
Control (MIMO-AVC) via inertial-mass actuators, for structures subjected to
human induced vibration. In this problem, we will optimize the location of each
actuator and tune control gains. Finally, we tackle the optimization of a
textile modified meander-line Inverted-F Antenna (IFA) with variable width and
spacing meander, for RFID systems. Specifically, the CRO-SL is used to obtain
an optimal antenna design, with a good bandwidth and radiation pattern, ideal
for RFID readers. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has become one of the
most numerous manufactured devices worldwide due to a reliable and inexpensive
means of locating people. They are used in access and money cards and product
labels and many other applications.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1806.02654 by other author
Planning of FiWi Networks to Support Communications Infrastructure of SG and SC
Nowadays, growth in demand for bandwidth, due to new and future applications being implemented, for services provided from smart grids (SG), smart cities (SC) and internet of things (IoT), it has drawn attention of scientific community, on issues related to planning, and optimization of communication infrastructure resources, in addition is necessary comply with requirements such as scalability, coverage, security, flexibility, availability, delay and security. Another important point is how to find and analyze possible solutions that seek to minimize the costs involved by capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX), but where it is possible to measure the uncertainty coming from stochastic projections, in order to obtain the maximum benefit expected to give access to users Who benefits from the services provided by SG, SC and IoT, on the other hand, we must look for communications architectures that generate optimum topologies to meet demanded requirements and at the same time save energy, possible alternatives highlight the use of hybrid networks of optical fiber links combined with wireless links (Fiber-Wireless, FiWi). This chapter seeks to provide planning alternatives to network segments linking universal data aggregation point (UDAP) with base stations (BS), this segment joins wide area network (WAN) with metropolitan area network (MAN)
Optimal V2G scheduling of electric vehicles and unit commitment using chemical reaction optimization
An electric vehicle (EV) may be used as energy storage which allows the bi-directional electricity flow between the vehicle's battery and the electric power grid. In order to flatten the load profile of the electricity system, EV scheduling has become a hot research topic in recent years. In this paper, we propose a new formulation of the joint scheduling of EV and Unit Commitment (UC), called EVUC. Our formulation considers the characteristics of EVs while optimizing the system total running cost. We employ Chemical Reaction Optimization (CRO), a general-purpose optimization algorithm to solve this problem and the simulation results on a widely used set of instances indicate that CRO can effectively optimize this problem. © 2013 IEEE.published_or_final_versio
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