2,787 research outputs found
Multilayer Networks
In most natural and engineered systems, a set of entities interact with each
other in complicated patterns that can encompass multiple types of
relationships, change in time, and include other types of complications. Such
systems include multiple subsystems and layers of connectivity, and it is
important to take such "multilayer" features into account to try to improve our
understanding of complex systems. Consequently, it is necessary to generalize
"traditional" network theory by developing (and validating) a framework and
associated tools to study multilayer systems in a comprehensive fashion. The
origins of such efforts date back several decades and arose in multiple
disciplines, and now the study of multilayer networks has become one of the
most important directions in network science. In this paper, we discuss the
history of multilayer networks (and related concepts) and review the exploding
body of work on such networks. To unify the disparate terminology in the large
body of recent work, we discuss a general framework for multilayer networks,
construct a dictionary of terminology to relate the numerous existing concepts
to each other, and provide a thorough discussion that compares, contrasts, and
translates between related notions such as multilayer networks, multiplex
networks, interdependent networks, networks of networks, and many others. We
also survey and discuss existing data sets that can be represented as
multilayer networks. We review attempts to generalize single-layer-network
diagnostics to multilayer networks. We also discuss the rapidly expanding
research on multilayer-network models and notions like community structure,
connected components, tensor decompositions, and various types of dynamical
processes on multilayer networks. We conclude with a summary and an outlook.Comment: Working paper; 59 pages, 8 figure
The physics of spreading processes in multilayer networks
The study of networks plays a crucial role in investigating the structure,
dynamics, and function of a wide variety of complex systems in myriad
disciplines. Despite the success of traditional network analysis, standard
networks provide a limited representation of complex systems, which often
include different types of relationships (i.e., "multiplexity") among their
constituent components and/or multiple interacting subsystems. Such structural
complexity has a significant effect on both dynamics and function. Throwing
away or aggregating available structural information can generate misleading
results and be a major obstacle towards attempts to understand complex systems.
The recent "multilayer" approach for modeling networked systems explicitly
allows the incorporation of multiplexity and other features of realistic
systems. On one hand, it allows one to couple different structural
relationships by encoding them in a convenient mathematical object. On the
other hand, it also allows one to couple different dynamical processes on top
of such interconnected structures. The resulting framework plays a crucial role
in helping achieve a thorough, accurate understanding of complex systems. The
study of multilayer networks has also revealed new physical phenomena that
remain hidden when using ordinary graphs, the traditional network
representation. Here we survey progress towards attaining a deeper
understanding of spreading processes on multilayer networks, and we highlight
some of the physical phenomena related to spreading processes that emerge from
multilayer structure.Comment: 25 pages, 4 figure
Multilayer Networks in a Nutshell
Complex systems are characterized by many interacting units that give rise to
emergent behavior. A particularly advantageous way to study these systems is
through the analysis of the networks that encode the interactions among the
system's constituents. During the last two decades, network science has
provided many insights in natural, social, biological and technological
systems. However, real systems are more often than not interconnected, with
many interdependencies that are not properly captured by single layer networks.
To account for this source of complexity, a more general framework, in which
different networks evolve or interact with each other, is needed. These are
known as multilayer networks. Here we provide an overview of the basic
methodology used to describe multilayer systems as well as of some
representative dynamical processes that take place on top of them. We round off
the review with a summary of several applications in diverse fields of science.Comment: 16 pages and 3 figures. Submitted for publicatio
Towards real-world complexity: an introduction to multiplex networks
Many real-world complex systems are best modeled by multiplex networks of
interacting network layers. The multiplex network study is one of the newest
and hottest themes in the statistical physics of complex networks. Pioneering
studies have proven that the multiplexity has broad impact on the system's
structure and function. In this Colloquium paper, we present an organized
review of the growing body of current literature on multiplex networks by
categorizing existing studies broadly according to the type of layer coupling
in the problem. Major recent advances in the field are surveyed and some
outstanding open challenges and future perspectives will be proposed.Comment: 20 pages, 10 figure
A framework for epidemic spreading in multiplex networks of metapopulations
We propose a theoretical framework for the study of epidemics in structured
metapopulations, with heterogeneous agents, subjected to recurrent mobility
patterns. We propose to represent the heterogeneity in the composition of the
metapopulations as layers in a multiplex network, where nodes would correspond
to geographical areas and layers account for the mobility patterns of agents of
the same class. We analyze both the classical Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible
and the Susceptible-Infected-Removed epidemic models within this framework, and
compare macroscopic and microscopic indicators of the spreading process with
extensive Monte Carlo simulations. Our results are in excellent agreement with
the simulations. We also derive an exact expression of the epidemic threshold
on this general framework revealing a non-trivial dependence on the mobility
parameter. Finally, we use this new formalism to address the spread of diseases
in real cities, specifically in the city of Medellin, Colombia, whose
population is divided into six socio-economic classes, each one identified with
a layer in this multiplex formalism.Comment: 13 pages, 11 figure
Sandpiles on multiplex networks
We introduce the sandpile model on multiplex networks with more than one type
of edge and investigate its scaling and dynamical behaviors. We find that the
introduction of multiplexity does not alter the scaling behavior of avalanche
dynamics; the system is critical with an asymptotic power-law avalanche size
distribution with an exponent on duplex random networks. The
detailed cascade dynamics, however, is affected by the multiplex coupling. For
example, higher-degree nodes such as hubs in scale-free networks fail more
often in the multiplex dynamics than in the simplex network counterpart in
which different types of edges are simply aggregated. Our results suggest that
multiplex modeling would be necessary in order to gain a better understanding
of cascading failure phenomena of real-world multiplex complex systems, such as
the global economic crisis.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figure
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