Efficient Micro-Mobility using Intra-domain Multicast-based Mechanisms (M&M)

One of the most important metrics in the design of IP mobility protocols is the handover performance. The current Mobile IP (MIP) standard has been shown to exhibit poor handover performance. Most other work attempts to modify MIP to slightly improve its efficiency, while others propose complex techniques to replace MIP. Rather than taking these approaches, we instead propose a new architecture for providing efficient and smooth handover, while being able to co-exist and inter-operate with other technologies. Specifically, we propose an intra-domain multicast-based mobility architecture, where a visiting mobile is assigned a multicast address to use while moving within a domain. Efficient handover is achieved using standard multicast join/prune mechanisms. Two approaches are proposed and contrasted. The first introduces the concept proxy-based mobility, while the other uses algorithmic mapping to obtain the multicast address of visiting mobiles. We show that the algorithmic mapping approach has several advantages over the proxy approach, and provide mechanisms to support it. Network simulation (using NS-2) is used to evaluate our scheme and compare it to other routing-based micro-mobility schemes - CIP and HAWAII. The proactive handover results show that both M&M and CIP shows low handoff delay and packet reordering depth as compared to HAWAII. The reason for M&M's comparable performance with CIP is that both use bi-cast in proactive handover. The M&M, however, handles multiple border routers in a domain, where CIP fails. We also provide a handover algorithm leveraging the proactive path setup capability of M&M, which is expected to outperform CIP in case of reactive handover.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figure

Proactive TCP mechanism to improve Handover performance in Mobile Satellite and Terrestrial Networks

Emerging standardization of Geo Mobile Radio (GMR-1) for satellite system is having strong resemblance to terrestrial GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) at the upper protocol layers and TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is one of them. This space segment technology as well as terrestrial technology, is characterized by periodic variations in communication properties and coverage causing the termination of ongoing call as connections of Mobile Nodes (MN) alter stochastically. Although provisions are made to provide efficient communication infrastructure this hybrid space and terrestrial networks must ensure the end-to-end network performance so that MN can move seamlessly among these networks. However from connectivity point of view current TCP performance has not been engineered for mobility events in multi-radio MN. Traditionally, TCP has applied a set of congestion control algorithms (slow-start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit, fast recovery) to probe the currently available bandwidth on the connection path. These algorithms need several round-trip times to find the correct transmission rate (i.e. congestion window), and adapt to sudden changes connectivity due to handover. While there are protocols to maintain the connection continuity on mobility events, such as Mobile IP (MIP) and Host Identity Protocol (HIP), TCP performance engineering has had less attention. TCP is implemented as a separate component in an operating system, and is therefore often unaware of the mobility events or the nature of multi-radios' communication. This paper aims to improve TCP communication performance in Mobile satellite and terrestrial networks.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figure

A Survey on Handover Management in Mobility Architectures

This work presents a comprehensive and structured taxonomy of available techniques for managing the handover process in mobility architectures. Representative works from the existing literature have been divided into appropriate categories, based on their ability to support horizontal handovers, vertical handovers and multihoming. We describe approaches designed to work on the current Internet (i.e. IPv4-based networks), as well as those that have been devised for the "future" Internet (e.g. IPv6-based networks and extensions). Quantitative measures and qualitative indicators are also presented and used to evaluate and compare the examined approaches. This critical review provides some valuable guidelines and suggestions for designing and developing mobility architectures, including some practical expedients (e.g. those required in the current Internet environment), aimed to cope with the presence of NAT/firewalls and to provide support to legacy systems and several communication protocols working at the application layer

Advanced mobility handover for mobile IPv6 based wireless networks

We propose an Advanced Mobility Handover scheme (AMH) in this paper for seamless mobility in MIPv6-based wireless networks. In the proposed scheme, the mobile node utilizes a unique home IPv6 address developed to maintain communication with other corresponding nodes without a care-of-address during the roaming process. The IPv6 address for each MN during the first round of AMH process is uniquely identified by HA using the developed MN-ID field as a global permanent, which is identifying uniquely the IPv6 address of MN. Moreover, a temporary MN-ID is generated by access point each time an MN is associated with a particular AP and temporarily saved in a developed table inside the AP. When employing the AMH scheme, the handover process in the network layer is performed prior to its default time. That is, the mobility handover process in the network layer is tackled by a trigger developed AMH message to the next access point. Thus, a mobile node keeps communicating with the current access point while the network layer handover is executed by the next access point. The mathematical analyses and simulation results show that the proposed scheme performs better as compared with the existing approaches.Sadiq, AS.; Fisal, NB.; Ghafoor, KZ.; Lloret, J. (2014). Advanced mobility handover for mobile IPv6 based wireless networks. Scientific World Journal. 2014. doi:10.1155/2014/602808S2014You, I., Han, Y.-H., Chen, Y.-S., & Chao, H.-C. (2011). Next generation mobility management. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 11(4), 443-445. doi:10.1002/wcm.1136Li, L., Ma, L., Xu, Y., & Fu, Y. (2014). Motion Adaptive Vertical Handoff in Cellular/WLAN Heterogeneous Wireless Network. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 1-7. doi:10.1155/2014/341038Nahrstedt, K. (2011). Quality of Service in Wireless Networks Over Unlicensed Spectrum. Synthesis Lectures on Mobile and Pervasive Computing, 6(1), 1-176. doi:10.2200/s00383ed1v01y201109mpc008Cho, I., Okamura, K., Kim, T. W., & Hong, C. S. (2013). Performance analysis of IP mobility with multiple care-of addresses in heterogeneous wireless networks. Wireless Networks, 19(6), 1375-1386. doi:10.1007/s11276-012-0539-8Magagula, L. A., Chan, H. A., & Falowo, O. E. (2011). Handover approaches for seamless mobility management in next generation wireless networks. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 12(16), 1414-1428. doi:10.1002/wcm.1074Sadiq, A. S., Bakar, K. A., Ghafoor, K. Z., Lloret, J., & Mirjalili, S. (2012). A smart handover prediction system based on curve fitting model for Fast Mobile IPv6 in wireless networks. International Journal of Communication Systems, 27(7), 969-990. doi:10.1002/dac.2386Sadiq, A. S., Bakar, K. A., Ghafoor, K. Z., Lloret, J., & Khokhar, R. (2013). An Intelligent Vertical Handover Scheme for Audio and Video Streaming in Heterogeneous Vehicular Networks. Mobile Networks and Applications, 18(6), 879-895. doi:10.1007/s11036-013-0465-8Lee, K.-W., Seo, W.-K., Cho, Y.-Z., Kim, J.-W., Park, J.-S., & Moon, B.-S. (2009). Inter-domain handover scheme using an intermediate mobile access gateway for seamless service in vehicular networks. International Journal of Communication Systems, 23(9-10), 1127-1144. doi:10.1002/dac.1076Lee, C.-W., Chen, M. C., & Sun, Y. S. (2012). Protocol and architecture supports for network mobility with QoS-handover for high-velocity vehicles. Wireless Networks, 19(5), 811-830. doi:10.1007/s11276-012-0503-7Castelluccia, C. (2000). HMIPv6. ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, 4(1), 48-59. doi:10.1145/360449.360474Modares, H., Moravejosharieh, A., Lloret, J., & Salleh, R. B. (2016). A Survey on Proxy Mobile IPv6 Handover. IEEE Systems Journal, 10(1), 208-217. doi:10.1109/jsyst.2013.2297705Modares, H., Moravejosharieh, A., Lloret, J., & Salleh, R. (2014). A survey of secure protocols in Mobile IPv6. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 39, 351-368. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2013.07.013Modares, H., Moravejosharieh, A., Salleh, R. B., & Lloret, J. (2014). Enhancing Security in Mobile IPv6. ETRI Journal, 36(1), 51-61. doi:10.4218/etrij.14.0113.0177Meneguette, R. I., Bittencourt, L. F., & Madeira, E. R. M. (2013). A seamless flow mobility management architecture for vehicular communication networks. Journal of Communications and Networks, 15(2), 207-216. doi:10.1109/jcn.2013.000034Al-Surmi, I., Othman, M., Abdul Hamid, N. A. W., & Ali, B. M. (2013). Enhancing inter-PMIPv6-domain for superior handover performance across IP-based wireless domain networks. Wireless Networks, 19(6), 1317-1336. doi:10.1007/s11276-012-0535-