Le problème de la sectorisation multicritère en cartographie

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse visent à proposer des méthodes pour résoudre les problèmes de la sectorisation multicritère en cartographie. En premier temps, nous avons défini les problèmes différents de la sectorisation et nous avons établi les liens entre ces problèmes avec les problèmes classiques qui sont bien étudiés dans la littérature : le problème de découpage de district politique, les problèmes de localisation et le problème du partitionnement de graphe. Deux types de méthodes ont été abordés pour résoudre les problèmes de sectorisation. Des heuristiques ont été développées et elles consistent à calculer un optimum de Pareto pour les différents problèmes. Et pour le problème de sectorisation à partir de pôles, nous avons aussi utilisé et expérimenté un algorithme de boîte pour trouver une représentation du front de pareto. La méthode exacte branch and bound a été utilisée pour résoudre le problème de sectorisation sans pôle prédéfini optimalement. Avant que nous appliquons cette procédure, nous ajoutons quelques inégalités valides dans la formulation mathématique pour restreindre l'espace des solutions et nous développons une procédure de prétraitement pour réduire la taille du problème.The work presented in this thesis aims to propose methods to solve the multicriteria map sectorization problem in cartography. Firstlly, we have defined the different sectorization problems and we have established the links between these problems with some classical problems which are well studied in the literature : political districting problem, locationallocation problems and constrained graph partitioning problems. Two types of methods have been proposed to solve the sectorization problem. Heuristics have been developed and they compute an optimum Pareto for the different sectorization problems. And for the sectorization problem with predefined centers, we have used a box algorithm and experimented it to find a representation of the Pareto front. The branch and bound method was used to solve optimally the sectorization problem without predefined centers. Before we apply this procedure, we add some valid inequalities in the mathematical formulation for restrict the space of solutions and we develop a preprocessing procedure to reduce the size of the problem.TOURS-Bibl.électronique (372610011) / SudocSudocFranceF

Proceedings of the SUPTM 2022 conference

This book includes the proceedings of the 1st international Conference on Future Challenges in Sustainable Urban Planning & Territorial Management celebrated on January 17-19, 2022. Urban planning is an essential tool in our global society's journey towards sustainability. This tool is as important as the territorial management to execute the plans. Both, planning and management, must be efficient to achieve the goal of sustainability inside the general framework of Sustainable Development Goals of United Nations. It does not exist any B planet so, identify urban & territorial challenges in our territories such reaching sustainable mobility, diagnose natural hazards and control land resource consumption is mandatory for our XXI century generation. Planning land uses compatibles with the ecosystem services of territory and manage them by public-private cooperation systems is a greatly challenge for our global society. Human activities do not have very frequently among their objectives to maintain ecosystem services of territory. Therefore, this field of research must help to guarantee the maintenance of natural resources, also called Natural Capital, necessary for social and economic activities of our global society. This conference aims to be a space to share research works, ideas, experiences, projects, etc. in this field of knowledge. We want to put in value that planning and management are subjects that include technological and social matters and their own methodologies. Laws, rules and cultures of different countries around the world are or can be very diverse. But the planet is only one. Technologies are shared, methodologies to analyze territories are also communal to share experiences about the global goal of sustainability, so these events are a necessary way to build our joint future. We trust that the success of this first edition of the SUPTM conference (which has been attended by more than 200 researchers from the five continents) will be an opening step towards international collaboration and the dissemination of knowledge that is so important in this field of urban planning and territorial management

Advances in Modeling and Management of Urban Water Networks

The Special Issue on Advances in Modeling and Management of Urban Water Networks (UWNs) explores four important topics of research in the context of UWNs: asset management, modeling of demand and hydraulics, energy recovery, and pipe burst identification and leakage reduction. In the first topic, the multi-objective optimization of interventions on the network is presented to find trade-off solutions between costs and efficiency. In the second topic, methodologies are presented to simulate and predict demand and to simulate network behavior in emergency scenarios. In the third topic, a methodology is presented for the multi-objective optimization of pump-as-turbine (PAT) installation sites in transmission mains. In the fourth topic, methodologies for pipe burst identification and leakage reduction are presented. As for the urban drainage systems (UDSs), the two explored topics are asset management, with a system upgrade to reduce flooding, and modeling of flow and water quality, with analyses on the transition from surface to pressurized flow, impact of water use reduction on the operation of UDSs, and sediment transport in pressurized pipes. The Special Issue also includes one paper dealing with the hydraulic modeling of an urban river with a complex cross-section

Fuelling the zero-emissions road freight of the future: routing of mobile fuellers

The future of zero-emissions road freight is closely tied to the sufficient availability of new and clean fuel options such as electricity and Hydrogen. In goods distribution using Electric Commercial Vehicles (ECVs) and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles (HFCVs) a major challenge in the transition period would pertain to their limited autonomy and scarce and unevenly distributed refuelling stations. One viable solution to facilitate and speed up the adoption of ECVs/HFCVs by logistics, however, is to get the fuel to the point where it is needed (instead of diverting the route of delivery vehicles to refuelling stations) using "Mobile Fuellers (MFs)". These are mobile battery swapping/recharging vans or mobile Hydrogen fuellers that can travel to a running ECV/HFCV to provide the fuel they require to complete their delivery routes at a rendezvous time and space. In this presentation, new vehicle routing models will be presented for a third party company that provides MF services. In the proposed problem variant, the MF provider company receives routing plans of multiple customer companies and has to design routes for a fleet of capacitated MFs that have to synchronise their routes with the running vehicles to deliver the required amount of fuel on-the-fly. This presentation will discuss and compare several mathematical models based on different business models and collaborative logistics scenarios

The coastal risk landscape application on the Catalan coast

Coastal zones concentrate an elevated number of values both natural and socio-economic, making them very vulnerable to the potential effects of natural hazards. Therefore, effective risk management requires a holistic analysis in which the multiple components that determine risk are taken into account. This has been addressed with use of The Coastal Risk Landscape concept, which can be defined as the integrated risk of coastal areas resulting from the action and interaction of natural and/or human induced hazards on existing values and assets. A methodology to assess coastal erosion and flood risk at a regional scale is presented using an integrated analysis of the main processes associated to forcings that induce erosion and flooding at different temporal scales (episodic, medium and long-term) as well as an analysis of the socio-economic consequences. This has been framed within the Source-Pathway-Receptor-Consequences (SPRC) model, in which the "pathway" has been adapted to represent each hazard by considering the different related processes acting at different timescales. To this end, each component (process) is first evaluated individually and classified into an intensity scale which allows an integration and comparison of their relative importance along the coast. An intensity scale associated with erosion components (episodic, medium and long-term) has been defined considering how the beach is affected, in terms of providing recreation and protection functions. Then, selected variables are used to assess the flooding components (flash floods, marine floods and inundation by sea level rise), related to the characteristics of their processes, and classified into an intensity scale.This permits an assessment of their individual contribution in order to analyse their relative contribution to the total risk. The consequences of erosion and flooding have been determined separately taking into account the most relevant impacts. In the case of erosion, socio-economic values of the two coastal functions analysed have been considered. Then, the erosion components are combined in a risk matrix, providing risk values for different coastal management targets (i.e. recreation and protection). In the case of flooding, the consequences are assessed by characterising the values at exposure based on an indicator that encompasses five categories (land use, population and social vulnerability, transport system, business settings and utilities). The total risk is expressed as the combination of the hazard and the exposure. All of this is integrated at a management scale, represented by the municipality. This methodology has been applied to 219 km of beaches along the Catalan coast (NE Spanish Mediterranean). Results obtained indicate that despite the generally good condition of the coast to provide recreation and protection functions at present, a future projection at 2035, which considers the medium and long-term erosion components (background erosion+ SLR-induced erosion), shows an increase in the risk to provide such functions. Thus, most of the municipalities with a tourism focus will be unable to support a recreational use, and the Maresme comarca will barely provide the required level of protection by 2035 year. Moreover, episodic flood components (marine and flash flooding) can be considered the most relevant along the coast, with generally medium risk values. The long-term flood component (SLR) only affects low-lying areas, with the Ebro delta being the most important. Results indicate that the Maresme comarca is the most sensitive region to storm-induced components in the Catalan coast.Las zonas costeras concentran un elevado número de valores tanto naturales como socio-económicos que las hacen muy vulnerables a los efectos potenciales de los riesgos naturales. Por ello, para llevar a cabo una gestión adecuada del riesgo se requiere un análisis holístico en el que se tengan en cuenta las múltiples componentes que determinan el riesgo. Esto se ha abordado con el uso del concepto de El Paisaje del Riesgo Costero, que puede definirse como el riesgo integrado de las zonas costeras del resultado de la acción e interacción de los riesgos naturales y/o humanos inducidos sobre los valores y bienes existentes. La tesis presenta una metodología para la evaluación del riesgo de erosión e inundación costera a escala regional en el que se considera el análisis integrado de los principales procesos asociados a forzamientos que inducen erosión e inundación a diferentes escalas temporales (episódica, medio y largo plazo) así como un análisis de sus consecuencias socio-económicas. Esto se ha enmarcado dentro del modelo Source-Pathway-Receptor-Consequence (SPRC) en el cual el "pathway" se ha adaptado para representar cada riesgo considerando los diferentes procesos relacionados que actúan a diferentes escalas temporales. Para ello, cada componente (proceso) es evaluada individualmente y clasificada en una escala de intensidad que permite la integración y comparación de su importancia relativa a lo largo de la costa. La escala de intensidad para las componentes de erosión (episódica, medio y largo plazo), se consideran en terminos de como se ve afectada la playa para proveer la funcion de recreación y protección. Para la inundación, se utilizan diferentes variables que permiten caracterizar y evaluar cada una de sus componentes (riadas, inundación marina e inundación por la subida del nivel del mar SNM) clasificandolas en una escala de intensidad. Esto permite la evaluación de la contribución individual así como la relativa al riesgo final. Las consecuencias de erosión e inundación se determinan por separado teniendo en cuenta sus impactos más relevantes. En el caso de erosión, se consideran valores socio-económicos de las dos funciones costeras analizadas. Luego, las componentes de erosión se combinan en una matriz de riesgo, que proporcionan valores del riesgo para diferentes objetivos de gestión costera (i.e. recreación y protección). En el caso de la inundación, las consecuencias se evalúan mediante la caracterización de valores en exposición basados en un indicador que abarca cinco categorías (usos del suelo, población y vulnerabilidad social, sistema de transportes, negocios y servicios públicos). El riesgo total se expresa como la combinación de la amenaza y el valor de exposición. Todo ello es integrado a una escala adecuada de gestión, representada por el municipio. Esta metodología se ha aplicado a 219 km de playas a lo largo de la costa catalana (NE Mediterráneo español). Los resultados obtenidos indican que a pesar del buen estado general de la costa para proveer las funciones de recreación y protección en la actualidad, considerando una proyección futura para el año 2035 con las componentes de erosión a medio y largo plazo (erosión de base+erosión por SLR) el riesgo para proveerla se incrementa sustancialmente. Así, los municipios que en la actualidad tienen un desarrollo basado en el turismo, tendrán problemas para proveer un uso recreativo, y en la comarca del Maresme difícilmente se podrá proporcionar el nivel requerido de protección para el 2035. Además, las componentes episódicas de la inundación (riadas e inundación marina) pueden ser consideradas las más relevantes a lo largo de la costa con valores en general de riego medio. La componente de inundación a largo plazo (SNM) solo tiene efectos en costas bajas, siendo el delta del Ebro el más importante. Los resultados indican la comarca del Maresme como la región más sensible a las componentes provocadas por tormentas en la costa catalana.Postprint (published version

Ecosystem Services, Green Infrastructure and Spatial Planning

National governments hardly identify their ecological networks or make an effort to integrate them into their spatial policies and plans. Under this perspective, an important scientific and technical issue is to focus on preserving corridors for enabling species mobility and on achieving connectivity between natural protected areas. This Special Issue takes a step forward insofar as it aims at proposing a theoretical and methodological discussion on the definition and implementation of ecological networks that provide a wide range of ecosystem services

Ecosystem Services, Green Infrastructure and Spatial Planning

Ecosystem services and green infrastructure do not appear to inform spatial policies and plans. National governments hardly identify their ecological networks or make an effort to integrate them into their spatial policies and plans. Under this perspective, an important scientific and technical issue is to focus on preserving corridors for enabling species mobility and on achieving connectivity between natural protected areas. In this respect, this Special Issue takes a step forward insofar as it aims at proposing a theoretical and methodological discussion on the definition and implementation of ecological networks that, besides guaranteeing wildlife movements, also provide a wide range of ecosystem services. The social and economic profile of this question is also relevant since in the long run, savings in public spending (e.g., due to the reduced need for grey infrastructures aiming at contrasting soil erosion or at managing flood risk), savings in private spending (e.g., on water treatment costs) and the potential creation of green jobs are foreseeable. Moreover, indirect and less easily quantifiable social and health benefits (e.g., due to improved natural pollution abatement) are likely to occur as well

Socio-spatial analysis of small-area need and accessibility of Primary Healthcare Services in Nigeria: A sequential mixed methods study

Ph. D. Thesis.Accessibility of primary healthcare (PHC) services is crucial for maintaining the good health of a population. Not only is health(care) associated with quality of life and socioeconomic productivity, systematic variations in healthcare accessibility are matters of social justice. Consequently, the overall goal of this project is to comprehensively analyze and explain smallarea need and accessibility of PHC services in Nigeria through a case study of Kogi State, with a view to making policy-relevant recommendations. To this end, both quantitative and qualitative methods are synthesized in an ‘explanatory sequential mixed methods research design’, which also features innovative data exploitations. This entails a synergy of: Automated Zone Design method, Spatial Microsimulation Modelling, and Generalized TwoStep Floating Catchment Area method for quantitative analysis as well as qualitative framework thematic analysis, to obtain research findings that are more robust than existing studies. In this way, genuine small-area variations in PHC need and accessibility are revealed and explicated, including extreme Medically Underserved Areas (eMUAs). Urban areas are more accessible than rural areas, as expected. Of senatorial districts, Kogi Central has the best healthcare accessibility because of its topography. Furthermore, these variations are mediated by the extant sub-optimal zoning system in Nigeria, which is a product of problematic historical political processes. Not only are eMUAs both very remote and rural, they also lack basic social amenities. Hence, it is not surprising that research participants expressed a myriad of dire disincentives in meeting their PHC needs. These difficulties can be mitigated by improving the quality of road infrastructure and ensuring an optimal socio-spatial configuration of PHC services. Broad mechanisms of social exclusion are also implicated in causing access-related disutility of PHC. It is therefore crucial that holistic interventions to alleviate social exclusion are enacted, since previous efforts at addressing only proximal concerns of PHC accessibility have proven unsuccessful. Keywords: Primary Healthcare Needs, Spatial Accessibility, Mixed Methods Research, Automated Zone Design, Spatial Microsimulation, Small-Area Variations.Newcastle University Overseas Research Scholarship (NUORS), Research Excellence Academy of the Humanities and Social Science Faculty (HaSS RE

Congress UPV Proceedings of the 21ST International Conference on Science and Technology Indicators

This is the book of proceedings of the 21st Science and Technology Indicators Conference that took place in València (Spain) from 14th to 16th of September 2016. The conference theme for this year, ‘Peripheries, frontiers and beyond’ aimed to study the development and use of Science, Technology and Innovation indicators in spaces that have not been the focus of current indicator development, for example, in the Global South, or the Social Sciences and Humanities. The exploration to the margins and beyond proposed by the theme has brought to the STI Conference an interesting array of new contributors from a variety of fields and geographies. This year’s conference had a record 382 registered participants from 40 different countries, including 23 European, 9 American, 4 Asia-Pacific, 4 Africa and Near East. About 26% of participants came from outside of Europe. There were also many participants (17%) from organisations outside academia including governments (8%), businesses (5%), foundations (2%) and international organisations (2%). This is particularly important in a field that is practice-oriented. The chapters of the proceedings attest to the breadth of issues discussed. Infrastructure, benchmarking and use of innovation indicators, societal impact and mission oriented-research, mobility and careers, social sciences and the humanities, participation and culture, gender, and altmetrics, among others. We hope that the diversity of this Conference has fostered productive dialogues and synergistic ideas and made a contribution, small as it may be, to the development and use of indicators that, being more inclusive, will foster a more inclusive and fair world