Coal fired power plant instrument

Coal fired is one of the most valuable sources that can be used to sustain the existence of life. Coal fired can be exploited in producing electricity. In Malaysia, there a few power plants that use coal fired as main source. To name a few, in Manjung there are coal fired plant produced 3100MW, in Tanjung Bin produced 2100MW and Jimah Power produced 1400MW. All these power plants located in South East Malaysia that used coal fired as main source. There are a lot of instrument specifically sensors and transducers applied in power plant. All these sensors and transducers used to monitor every single thing such as pressure, temperature, level and many other measurement parameters. The sensors and transducers that involved in monitoring the measurement parameters are pressure gauge, pressure transmitter, thermocouple, flow transmitter, proximity sensor, limit switch, radar, RTD and many more. Power plant applied process control system in order to link up the instruments and Human Machine Interface (HMI). HMI is a software application that presents information to an operator or user about the state of a process, and to accept and implement the operators control instructions. Typically information is displayed in a graphic format (Graphical User Interface or GUI) [1]. In general coal fired power plant or known as thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover steam driven. Water is heated to produce steam which drives the turbine as a result induced an electrical energy

Smart Energy Management for Smart Grids

This book is a contribution from the authors, to share solutions for a better and sustainable power grid. Renewable energy, smart grid security and smart energy management are the main topics discussed in this book

Model for the Automated Generation of Optimized Work Packages in Results-Based-Finance Mega Sanitation Projects

The sanitation sector is one of the critical sectors in any country. The lack of proper sanitation systems causes many environmental hazards that threaten people’s health and well-being. In many developing countries, the sanitation sector constitutes a significant part of their strategic plans of reform. However, with the public treasury’s very limited budget, countries opt to major lending institutions for funds. “Results-Based-Finance” is a new funding mechanism used by many lending institutions. The mechanism has proven its efficiency in achieving the necessary reform in sanitation sectors. Due to the complexity of the funding tool, it is crucial to be able to decompose the project into smaller packages to be able to manage and control the project effectively. The objective of this dissertation is to reach an optimum packaging scheme that enables mega sanitation infrastructure projects to be successfully managed through better planning and cost control practices. The model aim shall be to minimize the amount of funds needed from the borrowing country through three options: by reducing the peak value of the negative cashflow curve, by normalizing the negative cashflow curve, or by a combination of the previous two objectives. With the aid of Unified Modelling Language (UML), an algorithm is developed to map the logic behind the model suggested with detailed illustrations of its different modules. Object-oriented processes and operations are modeled using various diagrams of the language, which automatically generate the optimum packaging combination. The packaging model is then implemented via a number of computer-aided programs. Microsoft Excel is used for calculation purposes. Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) programming language is used to make the model user-friendly for non-engineering stakeholders. Palisade\u27s Decision Tools Suite is used for the genetic algorithm optimization process. In order to verify the model, different approaches have been used, which include system checks to minimize programming errors. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis module has been designed with the aid of Top Rank software in order to ensure the flexibility and the capabilities of the constructed model. After the model verification is conducted, the model shall be validated using data from a case study of a mega sanitation results-based financed project located in Egypt. The project is achieved through the World Bank and aims to strengthen the Egyptian Institutions for better service delivery by providing incentives. The project worth is 550 Million USD. The ability of the model to plot the optimization process and the suggested outputs is proven feasible. The model output is not only the content of the packages but also a complete managing plan which demonstrates much useful information to the decision-makers and government officials. Moreover, the model has reduced the peak value of the negative cashflow curve by 18.7 percent, normalized the negative cashflow curve by 5.4 percent, and the model has reduced the funding gap in general by 8.9 percent

System Dynamics Models for the Valuation of Real Options in Infrastructure Investments

As public utilities and government owners face increased budget constraints and greater expectations, alternative project delivery methods will increasingly be used to fast track projects, reduce costs, promote innovation and ensure proper performance for various types of facilities and infrastructure systems. The goals of public utility owners along with economic and financial considerations suggest why some project delivery methods have been selected over other project delivery methods. In response, the first phase of this doctoral research presents a model for selecting the optimum project delivery method that considers economic sustainability as well as other goals of multiple project stakeholders. This first phase of research contributes to the existing body of knowledge and benefits industry practitioners by identifying best practices that improve the project delivery selection process while enhancing risk mitigation efforts. The procurement selection process uses multiple-criteria decision-making and financial risk analysis to select the most economically sustainable delivery method given each project’s unique characteristics. A present value analysis establishes a range of values that considers variables that will potentially impact lifecycle costs. The selection of the procurement process is based on best value where financial risks to the concerned government and other project stakeholders are mitigated through service fee agreements and project finance structures, which are both dynamic and provide for real options. The second phase of this research presents an innovative approach for the valuation of the types of real options on project finance structures which are specifically procured through a design-build-finance-operate project delivery method (also known as a public-private partnership) (P3). This second phase of research includes an investigation into systems engineering and System Dynamics (SD) simulation modeling. An SD model is used for the valuation of real options attached to a P3 project’s finance structure. The valuation of these real options is based on the simulation results related to infrastructure performance. The significance of this research is made greater considering that P3s are increasingly being pursued because of their ability to alleviate pressure on government budgets, promote innovation and implement new technologies. These types of contracts, however, tend to be long-term and often need to account for future yet-to-be-seen variables that potentially impact the feasibility of this procurement method. This is especially true when the P3 project exists within a portfolio of competing assets across infrastructure systems. This second phase of research presents An SD model that is used to analyze the complexity of an infrastructure asset procured through a P3 within such a portfolio. An illustrative case demonstrates how discrete and continuous events potentially impact the successful procurement of infrastructure within a portfolio of competing assets comprising a regional transportation system. This second phase of research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by demonstrating how An SD model can simulate the real-world causal relationships that impact the procurement of infrastructure through P3s. The SD model is used for the valuation of real options to promote public initiatives, encourage private participation and enhance economic sustainability of P3 as a viable procurement strategy. The third and final phase of this doctoral research considers the increasing complexity of infrastructure procurement as individual assets are increasingly viewed as being part of a larger network of interdependent systems. In response, the objective of this final phase is to present a methodology to simulate the behavior of assets that span across different types of infrastructure systems. This investigation presents a method for analyzing investments that traverses across different infrastructure systems with individual assets procured through a variety of project delivery methods. This third investigation also utilizes An SD simulation model. In the final phase of this doctoral research, however, the SD model captures the causal relationships between competing assets where simulation results elucidate the compounding effects of multiple investments that traverse across two or more infrastructure systems. By doing so, this research contributes to the existing body of knowledge and demonstrates how SD models are effectively used to value real options that are termed exotic. These exotic types of real options occur within a portfolio of competing infrastructure assets where the valuation of each real option must consider the compounding effects of competing alternatives as well as the value of the underlying asset. This research presents a methodology for the valuation of multiple types of exotic options in real investments that traverse across various types of infrastructure systems. This method can also be applied to the valuation of other types of exotic options in various industries including research and development pursuits

The pricing strategy and risk management of financial leasing: A case study of the new energy vehicle business

Financial leasing, an innovative financial product that combines trading, financing and leasing, has become one of the five pillar industries of the global financial market. After more than 30 years’ development in China, financial leasing has improved in terms of enterprise number, business amount, legal policies, market environment. However, due to the complexity of the financial leasing industry, irregular operations and immature markets are accompanied by certain risks. Faced with the environmental issues and the “green” trend, new energy vehicle has attracted attention worldwide. In China, the government has issued a series of measures and subsidies to promote the new energy vehicle industry. As a result, the production and sales of new energy vehicles have greatly increased and the financing leasing business of new energy vehicles has rapidly developed. At present, the overall penetration rate of China’s auto finance is about 38%, among which the financial leasing only constitutes 2%. The financing leasing business of new energy vehicles is still in its infancy, so the market is large. However, there are risks in the financial leasing business of new energy vehicles, including financial risks and environmental risks. This thesis takes the new energy vehicle financial leasing business of SQ Company as a research case. Based on reading and analyzing the literature, this thesis divided the risks of the company’s new energy vehicle finance leasing business into financial risk and environmental risk, and used CAMELS model to comprehensively evaluate the risks. After analyzing the risks, this thesis put forward the coping strategies of risk problems and risk transfer measures based on pricing strategies. Among them, the coping strategies include diversified business income, innovative business models for new energy vehicle financing leasing, and improvement of the company’s risk management system.O leasing financeiro, é um produto financeiro inovador que combina negociação, financiamento e leasing, e que ultimamente tornou-se um dos cinco pilares da indústria do mercado financeiro global. Depois de mais de 30 anos de desenvolvimento na China, o leasing financeiro melhorou em termos de número de empresas a adotar este negócio, o valor do negócio, as políticas legais, o ambiente de mercado. No entanto, devido à complexidade da indústria de leasing financeiro, as operações irregulares e os mercados imaturos são geralmente acompanhados por certos riscos. Tendo em consideração as questões ambientais e a tendência “verde”, os veículos movidos por novas energias, têm despertado a atenção dos clientes em todo o mundo. Na China, o governo emitiu uma série de medidas e subsídios para promover a indústria de veículos baseados em novas energias. Como resultado, a produção e as vendas de veículos de novas energias aumentaram bastante e o negócio de leasing financeiro dos mesmos teve um desenvolvimento rápido. Atualmente, a taxa de inserção geral do financiamento de automóveis da China é de cerca de 38%, entre os quais o leasing financeiro constitui apenas 2%. Assim, o negócio de leasing financeiro de veículos de novas energias ainda está em sua infância, sendo o mercado disponível neste sector bastante amplo. No entanto, existem riscos no negócio de leasing financeiro de veículos de novas energias, incluindo os riscos financeiros e ambientais. Esta tese considera o negócio de leasing financeiro de veículos de novas energias, da SQ Company, como um caso de estudo. Com base na leitura e na análise da literatura científica, esta tese dividiu os riscos do leasing financeiro de veículos de novas energias em risco financeiro e risco ambiental, e usou o modelo CAMELS para avaliar de forma abrangente os riscos. Depois de analisar os riscos, esta tese apresentou as estratégias para encarar os problemas de risco e as medidas de transferência de risco com base em estratégias de preços. Entre elas, as estratégias de combate ao risco incluem receitas de negócios diversificadas, modelos de negócios inovadores para o leasing de financiamento de veículos de novas energias e melhoria do sistema de gestão de risco da empresa

Blockchain-Based Distributed Trust and Reputation Management Systems: A Survey

Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs), like Blockchain, are characterized by features such as transparency, traceability, and security by design. These features make the adoption of Blockchain attractive to enhance information security, privacy, and trustworthiness in very different contexts. This paper provides a comprehensive survey and aims at analyzing and assessing the use of Blockchain in the context of Distributed Trust and Reputation Management Systems (DTRMS). The analysis includes academic research as well as initiatives undertaken in the business domain. The paper defines two taxonomies for both Blockchain and DTRMS and applies a Formal Concept Analysis. Such an approach allowed us to identify the most recurrent and stable features in the current scientific landscape and several important implications among the two taxonomies. The results of the analysis have revealed significant trends and emerging practices in the current implementations that have been distilled into recommendations to guide Blockchain's adoption in DTRMS systems

Electric vehicle energy integration scenarios: a feasibility analysis environment

The UK Government has set a goal that by 2040, every new car will be an ultra-low emission vehicle. This makes the exploitation of excess storage in electric vehicles to provide electricity support potentially beneficial. The technology required to utilise this opportunity is called ‘vehicle-to-grid’, primarily a vehicle connection post with a built-in bi-directional inverter, providing both vehicle charging and discharging functionality. Through utilisation of this equipment, local energy systems, such as building clusters, can utilise the excess energy stored within the vehicles parked on site. The aim of this research was to create a platform from which to evaluate the investment opportunity of vehicle-to-grid in a local services case study for future energy scenarios. As such, a feasibility analysis environment was developed that evaluates the economic benefit to both vehicle and building owners in installing vehicle-to-grid. The software has the capability to assess any case study with a collection of buildings, vehicles, photovoltaics or market demand. Energy scenarios have been developed within the software to run case studies for economic evaluation, with the scenarios ranging from building peak shaving, tariff demand reduction, photovoltaic demand shifting and energy market provision. By altering the number of vehicles being assessed, the software can also calculate infrastructure provision requirements and related costs. [Continues.