Observations on Drug Metabolism and Liver Disease

A summary of the experimental chapters is included at the start of each of these chapters, however for the ease of the reader these are also compiled in this summary. The aim of this thesis is to explore the relationship between hepatic drug metabolism and liver disease and in particular to determine if the parameters of drug elimination provide useful information as liver function tests

Neuropsychology and neuroimaging in diffuse brain damage : a study of visual event perception

The aims of this project were (1) to investigate two forms of event perception: perception of movement and perception of sudden appearance, (2) to develop event perception procedures which could be applied to testing clinical populations, and (3) to relate event perception to abnormalities shown by neuroimaging. In addition issues relevant to each of the particular clinical populations involved were addressed. Event perception tasks used stimuli consisting of a background of randomly selected dots of light. In one task a dot was added to the display (appearance), in the other a dot started to move (movement onset). Four laboratory experiments were conducted examining the ability to detect and locate these events under varying conditions in healthy controls. Results indicated that neuronal coding strategies were different for appearances and movement onset. Laboratory tasks were adapted for clinical application and administered to groups of patients with different neurological conditions. Five studies were conducted to assess sensitivity and specificity of the Event Perception tasks in clinical settings. The groups studied were chronic solvent abusers, detoxified alcoholics, patients suffering from optic neuritis, and patients with traumatic brain injury. Event Perception tasks were found to be differentially sensitive to neurological conditions and showed dissociations and double dissociations both within and between neurological conditions. Relationships with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) were investigated in patients with head injury. Patterns of brain damage differed significantly for patients with impaired performance on the movement task. It is concluded that Event Perception tasks are of value in the assessment of neurological patients: They allow assessment of functions which are not usually evaluated in neuropsychological examinations, facilitate detection of subtle deficits and deficits which may present at an early stage, and offer greater specificity and sensitivity than many traditional neuropsychological test procedures. Event Perception tasks are easy to administer and do not suffer from training effects on repeated administration to the same degree as many traditional measures. It is also argued that tests with a theoretical basis are better suited to clinical research in neuropsychology than many traditional tasks because they potentially allow a more precise explanation and assessment of the abnormal processes under investigation

Cerebral haemodynamics and the role of nitric oxide production following transient cerebral ischaemia in the developing brain

Birth asphyxia is associated with mortality and long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae in the survivors. The clinical features of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy are well recognised in the days following resuscitation and reflect the pathophysiological processes that are occurring. There is substantial evidence from asphyxiated infants and animal models of perinatal hypoxia- ischaemia that cerebral injury during and following ischaemia is biphasic: early and delayed. Many neurons recover from the early ischaemic insult, but succumb later by a cascade of processes that culminate in delayed derangements in cerebral energetics. An understanding of the mechanisms that precede and accompany delayed cerebral injury is critical to the management of perinatal hypoxia ischaemia. In this thesis, some of the mechanisms implicated were investigated. The changes in cerebral perfusion and oxygenation were investigated in the fetal sheep preparation of severe transient cerebral ischaemia, in which a biphasic increase in cortical impedance (CI) reflects the presence of cytotoxic oedema. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was employed to measure continuously changes in oxyhaemoglobin (HbO2), deoxyhaemoglobin (Hb), and their sum total cerebral haemoglobin (tHb), and oxidised cytochrome oxidase (CytO2). There was an early and delayed increase in [tHb], and a progressive fall in [CytO2]. The delayed increase in [tHb] preceded and accompanied the delayed increase in CI. The extent of these changes related to histological outcome. Nitric oxide (NO), an ubiquitous gas generated from L-arginine by several isoforms of the enzyme NO synthase (NOS) produces neuronal death in cell culture through the production of highly potent oxidants, in particular peroxynitrite; but as a potent vasodilator has also been shown to improve cerebral perfusion following cerebral ischaemia. The role of NO was examined by first demonstrating the presence of NOS isoforms in the ischaemic fetal sheep brain using immunohistochemical techniques. Next, the effect of NOS inhibition on the delayed increase in cerebral perfusion following transient cerebral ischaemia was investigated using LG-nitro-L-arginine. NOS inhibition attenuated the delayed increase in cerebral perfusion and was associated with an increase in the extent of cerebral injury. In summary, by combining the technique of MRS with those measuring CI in an animal model of perinatal cerebral ischaemia, the changes in cerebral perfusion and oxygenation were temporally related to the development of delayed cerebral injury. Further study of the role of NO revealed important information on the pathogenesis of hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury

Volume 32, issue 4

The mission of CJS is to contribute to the effective continuing medical education of Canadian surgical specialists, using innovative techniques when feasible, and to provide surgeons with an effective vehicle for the dissemination of observations in the areas of clinical and basic science research. Visit the journal website at http://canjsurg.ca/ for more.https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cjs/1232/thumbnail.jp

Cystic fibrosis related chronic liver disease: a study of its influence upon prognosis and possible mechanisms for this; with specific reference to pulmonary and systemic haemodynamics

MDTo assess the influence of chronic liver disease on survival a time dependent multivariate Cox regression analysis was It performed. The results confirmed that patients with evidence of chronic liver disease have a worse prognosis. The effect of liver disease upon survival was not related to hepatic decompensation, as only 2.2% of deaths were liver-related, suggesting an occult adverse effect. To establish a non-invasive means for the diagnosis of chronic liver disease an ultrasound scoring system was developed, and validated for reproducibility by two independent radiologists. This scoring system correlated well with the capacity of the liver to metabolise lignocaine to monoethylglycine xylidide, with fasting serum bile acids and with the PGA index. While the measurement of the N-terminal propeptide of procollagen III revealed significant differences between subjects with and without liver disease, the results correlated less well with the ultrasound score. Abnormalities documented by quantitative hepatobiliary scintigraphy also correlated well with the ultrasound based scoring system. Having established suitable criteria for diagnosing chronic liver disease in cystic fibrosis the systemic and pulmonary 2 circulations of patients with and without liver disease were evaluated non-invasively. The results confirm the presence of a hyperdynamic circulatory state in patients with chronic liver disease with significant elevations of cardiac output and left ventricular stroke work index and reductions of mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance index. There were no differences in the peripheral circulatory status of the two cohorts. Evaluation of the pulmonary circulation was made using shuntperfusion scans and the 100% oxygen re-breathing technique. Significant pulmonary arterio-venous shunting, consistent with a diagnosis of the 'hepato-pulmonary' syndrome, was only detected in the cohort with liver disease (36% of those studied). The results of studies presented within this thesis suggest that chronic liver disease can be confidently detected using ultrasound criteria, is important in the prognosis of patients with cystic fibrosis due to its covert adverse effect on survival, and may exert some of these effects through systemic and pulmonary circulatory changes

Volume 30, issue 1

The mission of CJS is to contribute to the effective continuing medical education of Canadian surgical specialists, using innovative techniques when feasible, and to provide surgeons with an effective vehicle for the dissemination of observations in the areas of clinical and basic science research. Visit the journal website at http://canjsurg.ca/ for more.https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cjs/1215/thumbnail.jp

Epilepsy

With the vision of including authors from different parts of the world, different educational backgrounds, and offering open-access to their published work, InTech proudly presents the latest edited book in epilepsy research, Epilepsy: Histological, electroencephalographic, and psychological aspects. Here are twelve interesting and inspiring chapters dealing with basic molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying epileptic seizures, electroencephalographic findings, and neuropsychological, psychological, and psychiatric aspects of epileptic seizures, but non-epileptic as well

Physical science techniques for non-invasive, quantitative measurements within the living human body

The research in this thesis focuses on the use of a range of physical science techniques to perform quantitative measurements within the living human body in a non-invasive manner, for the purpose of understanding disease processes, diagnosing abnormality or monitoring therapeutic responses. The research publications cover work which has been undertaken over the last thirty years in the Universities of Edinburgh, London and Leeds. The research has not concentrated on one aspect of the physical sciences but has taken advantage of scientific and technological developments, encompassing neutron, X and y ionising radiation, laser and THz non-ionising radiation, magnetism, radio-waves and a range of mathematical and computing techniques. Clinical applications have encompassed a wide range of diseases and conditions and include osteoporosis and other metabolic bone diseases, cardiac disease, vascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer.PUBLICATIONS • • BONE MEASUREMENT • 1. Development of apparatus to measure calcium changes in the forearm and spine by neutron activation analysis using Cf-252 (*PhD) MA Smith and P Tothill Physics in Medicine and Biology 24, 319-329, 1979 2. Measurement of spinal calcium by in vivo neutron activation analysis in osteoporosis (*PhD) MA Smith, R Eastell, NSJ Kennedy, LG Mcintosh, JD Simpson, JA Strong and P Tothill Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 2, 45-48, 1981 3. Long term effect of dialysate calcuim and 1a -OHD3 on bone calcium in haemodialysis patients as measured by neutron activation analysis of the forearm (*PhD) MA Smith, RJ Winney, JA Strong and P Tothill Nephron 28, 213-217, 1981 4. Total body neutron activation analysis of calcium: calibration and normalisation NSJ Kennedy, R Eastell, CM Ferrington, JD Simpson, MA Smith, JA Strong and P Tothill Physics in Medicine and Biology 27, 697-708, 1982 5. The crossover correction in dual photon absorptiometry with Gd-153 MA Smith and P Tothill Physics in Medicine and Biology 27, 1515-1521, 1982 6. Bone demineralisation in patients with Turner's syndrome MA Smith, J Wilson and WH Price Journal of Medical Genetics 19, 100-103, 1982 7. Total body calcium in rheumatoid arthritis: effects of disease activity and corticosteroid treatment DM Reid, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, P Tothill and G Nuki British Medical Journal 285, 330-332 1982 8. Comparison between Gd-153 and Am-241, Cs-137 for dual photon absorptiometry of the spine MA Smith, D Sutton and P Tothill Physics in Medicine and Biology 28, 709-721, 1983 9. Intra-laboratory variations using dual photon absorptiometry MA Smith and P Tothill Physics in Medicine and Biology 28, 748-751, 1983 10. Dual photon absorptiometry of the spine with a low activity source of gadolinium 153 P Tothill, MA Smith and D Sutton British Journal of Radiology 56, 829-835, 1983 11. Normal levels of total body sodium and chlorine by neutron activation analysis NSJ Kennedy, R Eastell, P Tothill and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 28, 215-222, 1983 12. The assessment of postmenopausal osteoporosis by total body neutron activation analysis R Eastell, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, JD Simpson, JA Strong and P Tothill Metabolic Bone Disease and Related Research 5, 65-67, 1983 13. Bone mass in nodal primary generalised osteoarthritis DM Reid, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, P Tothill and G Nuki Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 43, 240-242, 1984 14. Changes in total body calcium after renal transplantation effect of low-dose steroid regime R Eastell, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, P Tothill and JL Anderton Nephron 40, 139-142, 1985 15. The seasonal variation of total body calcium P Tothill, NSJ Kennedy, JJ Nicoll, MA Smith, DM Reid and G Nuki Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 7, 361-367, 1986 16. Bone mass in ankylosing spondylitis DM Reid, JJ Nicoll, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, P Tothill and G Nuki Journal of Rheumatology 13, 932-935, 1986 17. Corticosteroids and bone mass in asthma: comparisons with rheumatoid arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica DM Reid, JJ Nicoll, MA Smith, B Higgins, P Tothill and G Nuki British Medical Journal 293, 1463-1466, 1986 18. Total and peripheral bone mass in patients with psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis DM Reid, NSJ Kennedy, JJ Nicoll, MA Smith, P Tothill and G Nuki Clinical Rheumatology 5, No 3, 372-278, 1986 19. Changes in total body calcium following surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism R Eastell, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, P Tothill and CRW Edwards Bone 7, 269-272 1986 20. Bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis and primary generalized osteoarthrosis: effects of corticosteroids, suppressive antirheumatic drugs drugs and calcium supplements DM Reid, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, JJ Nicoll, N Brown, P Tothill and G Nuki British Journal of Rheumatology 25, 253-259, 1986 21. Measurement of hand bone mineral content using single-photon absorptiometry JJ Nicoll, MA Smith, DM Reid, E Law, N Brown, P Tothill and G Nuki Physics in Medicine and Biology 32, 697-706, 1987 22. In-vivo precision of total body calcium and sodium measurements by neutron activation analysis JJ Nicoll, P Tothill, MA Smith, DM Reid, NSJ Kennedy and G Nuki Physics in Medicine and Biology 32, 243-246, 1987 23. Prediction of fracture healing in the tibia by quantitative radionuclide imaging MA Smith, E Jones, R Strachan, P Tothill, JJK Best and SPF Hughes Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 69-B, 441-448, 1987 24. Premenopausal bone loss in the lumbar spine and neck of femur: a study of 225 Caucasian women A Rodin, B Murby, MA Smith, M Caleffi, I Fentiman, MG Chapman and I Fogelman Bone 11, 1-5, 1990 25. Bone ultrasound attenuation in women: reproducibility, normal variation and comparison woth photon absorptiometry JG Truscott, M Simpson, SP Stewart, R Milner, CF Westmacott, B Oldroyd, JA Evans, A Horsman, CM Langton and MA Smith Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 13, 29-36, 1992 26. The use of a radiation sensitive CCD camera system to measure bone mineral content in the neonatal forearm: a feasibility study JG Truscott, R Milner, S Metcalfe and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 37, 1391-1397, 1992 27. Primary Generalised Osteoarthritis and Bone Mass LD Hordon, SP Stewart, PR Troughton, V Wright, A Horsman and MA Smith British Journal of Rheumatology 32, 1059-1061, 1993 28. Variation in lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral measured by dual energy X-ray absorption: a study of 329 normal women JG Truscott, B Oldroyd, M Simpson, SP Stewart, CF Westmacott, R Milner, A Horsman and MA Smith British Journal of Radiology 66, 514-521, 1993 29. A phantom for quantitative ultrasound of trabecular bone AJ Clarke, JA Evans, JG Truscott, R Milner and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 39, 1677-1687, 1994 30. Comparison of changes in bone mineral in idiopathic and secondary osteoporosis following therapy with cyclical disodium etidronate and high dose calcium supplementation SM Orme, M Simpson, SP Stewart, B Oldroyd, CF Westmacott, MA Smith and PE Belchetz Clinical Endocrinology 41(2), 245-50, 1994 31. A portable system for measuring bone mineral density in the pre-term neonatal forearm JG Truscott, R Milner, PC Holland, C Wood and MA Smith British Journal of Radiology 69, 532-8, 1996 32. Assessment of renal osteodystrophy in dialysis patients: use of bone alkaline phosphatase, bone mineral density and parathyroid ultrasound in comparison with bone histology S Fletcher, RG Jones, HC Rayner, P Harnden, LD Hordon, JE Aaron, B Oldroyd, AM Brownjohn, JH Turney and MA Smith Nephron 75(4), 412-9, 1997 33. Regional bone mineral density after orthotopic liver transplantation SH Hussaini, B Oldroyd, SP Stewart, F Roman, MA Smith, S Pollard, P Lodge, JG O'Grady and MS Losowsky European Journal of Gastroenterology Hepatology 11(2), 157-63, 1999 • PATENTS (COPIES NOT INCLUDED) • 34. Material to mimic bone and its interaction with ultrasound J Clarke, JA Evans, R Milner and MA Smith 1994 35. Anthropomorphic spinal phantom R Milner, E Berry and MA Smith 1999 • STATISTICS • 36. The comparison of neutron activation analysis and photon absorptiometry at the same part body site MA Smith, RA Elton and P Tothill Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 2, 1-7, 1981 37. Survival after peptic ulcer surgery AH McLean Ross, J Anderson, WP Small and MA Smith British Medical Journal 282, 1472, 1981 38. Late mortality after surgery for peptic ulcer AH McLean Ross, MA Smith, JR Anderson and WP Small New England Journal of Medicine 307, 519-522, 1982 39. Survival after surgery WP Small, MA Smith and AH MacLean-Ross British Medical Journal 289, 108-109, 1984 40. Metabolism of sodium pentosan polysulphate in man-catabolism of iodinated derivatives IR MacGregor, J Davies, L Paton, DS Pepper, CV Prowse and MA Smith Thrombosis and Haemostasis 51, 321-325, 1984 41. Correction factors for gravimetric measurement of peritumoural oedema in man BA Bell, MA Smith, JL Tocher and JD Miller British Journal of Neurosurgery 1, 435-440, 1987 42. Inter-individual differences in the pituitary-thyroid axis influence the interpretation of thyroid function tests CA Meier, MN Maisey, A Lowry, J Muller and MA Smith Clinical Endocrinology 39, 101-107, 1993 • MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING • 43. The installation of a commercial resistive NMR imager MA Smith, JJK Best, RHB Douglas and DM Kean British Journal of Radiology 57, 1145-1158, 1984 44. Brain water in chronic alcoholic patients measured by magnetic resonance imaging MA Smith, J Chick, DM Kean, RHB Douglas, A Singer, RE Kendell and JJK Best Lancet i, 1273-1274, 1985 45. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy M Been, DM Kean, MA Smith, RHB Douglas, JJK Best, and AL Muir British Heart Journal 54, 48-52, 1985 46. Two examples of CNS lipomas demonstrated by CT and low field MRI DM Kean, MA Smith, RHB Douglas, CN Martyn and JJK Best Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 9(3), 494-496, 1985 47. Characterisation of acute myocardial infarction by gated magnetic resonance imaging M Been, MA Smith, JP Ridgway, JWE Brydon, RHB Douglas, DM Kean, JJK Best and AL Muir Lancet ii, 348-350, 1985 48. Brain water measured in volunteers after alcohol and vasopressin AJ Mander, MA Smith, DM Kean, J Chick, RHB Douglas, AU Rehman, GJ Weppner and JJK Best Lancet, ii, 1075, 1985 49. ECG gated T1 images of the heart MA Smith, JP Ridgway, JWE Brydon, M Been, RHB Douglas, DM Kean, JJK Best and AL Muir Physics in Medicine and Biology 31, 771-778, 1986 50. The absence of tissue specificity in MRI using in-vivo T1 or T2 determination - true biological variation or technical artefact? MA Smith and DG Taylor British Journal of Radiology 59, 82-83, 1986 51. A description of a low field resistive magnetic resonance imaging system and its application in imaging midline central nervous system pathology DM Kean, MA Smith, RHB Douglas and JJK Best Clinical Radiology, 37, 211-217, 1986 52. A technique for velocity imaging using magnetic resonance imaging JP Ridgway and MA Smith British Journal of Radiology 59, 603-607, 1986 53. Correlation of human NMR T1 values measured in vivo and brain water content HL MacDonald, BA Bell, MA Smith, DM Kean, JL Tocher, RHB Douglas, JD Miller and JJK Best British Journal of Radiology 59, 355-357, 1986 54. A surface coil design for a vertical field MRI system and its application in imaging the breast MA Smith and DW Pye Magnetic Resonance Imaging 4, 455-560 1986 55. Cardiac gating in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging MA Smith Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology 10(6), 325-328, 1986 56. Brain water measured by magnetic resonance imaging: correlation with direct estimation and changes after mannitol and dexamethasone BA Bell, MA Smith, DM Kean, CNJ McGhee, HL MacDonald, JD Miller, GH Barnett, JL Tocher, RHB Douglas, JJK Best The Lancet (i), 66-69, 1987 57. Demonstration of pulsatile cerebrospinal-fluid using magnetic resonance phase imaging JP Ridgway, LW Turnbull and MA Smith British Journal of Radiology 60, 423-427, 1987 58. Magnetic resonance flow imaging: a possible method for distinguishing communicating syringomyelia from cystic intraspinal lesions LW Turnbull, JP Ridgway, MA Smith and JJK Best British Journal of Radiology 60, 517-518, 1987 59. Cerebral and brain stem changes after ECT revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging AJ Mander, A Whitfield, DM Kean, MA Smith, RHB Douglas and RE Kendell British Journal of Psychiatry 151, 69-71, 1987 60. Serial changes in the T1 magnetic relaxation parameter after myocardial infarction in man M Been, MA Smith, JP Ridgway, RHB Douglas, DP De Bono, JJK Best and AL Muir British Heart Journal 59, 1-8, 1988 61. Myocardial involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus detected by magnetic resonance imaging M Been, BJ Thompson, MA Smith, JP Ridgway, RHB Douglas, JJK Best and AL Muir European Heart Journal 9 1250-1256, 1988 62. Brain hydration during alcohol withdrawal in alcoholics measured by magnetic resonance imaging MA Smith, JD Chick, HM Engelman, DM Kean, AJ Mander, RHB Douglas and JJK Best Drug and Alcohol Dependence 21, 25, 1988 63. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in-vivo DA Porter, MA Smith Journal of Biomedical Engineering 10, 562-567, 1988 64. Blood flow imaging by magnetic resonance DJ West, M Tarnawski, MJ Graves, MG Taylor, S Padayachee, VT Ayton and MA Smith Medicamundi 33, 101-111, 1988 65. Magnetic resonance imaging of the infant heart at 15T MA Smith, EJ Baker, VT Ayton, JM Parsons, EJ Ladusans and MN Maisey British Journal of Radiology 62, 367-370, 1989 66. High field strength magnetic resonance imaging of ventricular septal defects in infants EJ Baker, VT Ayton, MA Smith, JM Parsons, EJ Ladusans, RH Anderson, M Tynan and NLK Fagg British Heart Journal 62, 305-310, 1989 67. Magnetic resonance imaging of coarctation of the aorta in infants: use of high field strength EJ Baker, VT Ayton, MA Smith, JM Parsons, EJ Ladusans, RH Anderson, M Tynan, AK Yates and PB Deverall British Heart Journal 62, 97-101, 1989 68. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in alcoholics: cerebral atrophy, lifetime alcohol consumption and cognitive defects JD Chick, MA Smith, HM Engleman, DM Kean, AJ Mander, RHB Douglas and JJK Best Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 13, 512-517, 1989 69. Phospholipids are visible in P-31 NMR spectra of human breast tumours M Lowry, DA Porter, CJJ Twelves, PE Heasley, PB Garlick, MA Smith, RD Rubens, MN Maiseyand MA Richards Biochemical Society Transactions 17, 1053-1054, 1989 70. The measurement and visualisation of vessel blood flow by magnetic resonance imaging MA Smith Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 11,2, 101-123, 1990 71. A method for characterising localisation techniques in volume selected nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy SF Keevil, DA Porter and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 35(7), 821-834, 1990 72. The measurement of time-averaged flow by magnetic resonance imaging using continuous acquisition in the carotid arteries and its comparison with Doppler ultrasound M Tarnawski, S Padayachee, DJ West, MJ Graves, V Ayton, MG Taylor and MA Smith Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 11(1), 27-36, 1990 73. Measurement of time-averaged flow in the middle cerebral artery by magnetic resonance imaging M Tarnawski, S Padayachee, MJ Graves, V Ayton, MG Taylor and MA Smith British Journal of Radiology 64, 178-181, 1991 74. Visibility of phosholopids in 31P NMR spectra of human breast tumours in-vivo M Lowry, DA Porter, CJ Twelves, PE Heasley, MA Smith and MA Richards NMR in Biomedicine 5, 37-42, 1992 75. Experimental characterisation of the ISIS Technique for volume selected NMR spectroscopy SF Keevil, DA Porter and MA Smith NMR in Biomedicine 5, 200-208, 1992 76. Rapid dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the liver and portal vein J Ward, D Martinez, AG Chalmers, J Ridgway, P Robinson and MA Smith British Journal of Radiology 66, 214-222, 1993 77. Phosphorus-31 metabolism of human breast - an in-vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy study at 1,5T CJ Twelves, M Lowry, DA Porter, NA Dobbs, PE Graves, MA Smith and MA Richards British Journal of Radiology 67, 36-45, 1994 78. Phosphorus-31 metabolism of post-menopausal breast cancer studied in vivo by magnetic resonance CJ Twelves, DA Porter, M Lowry, NA Dobbs, PE Graves, MA Smith, Rubens RD and MA Richards British Journal of Cancer 69(6), 1151-6, 1994 79. Stepping-table gadolinium-enhanced digital subtraction MR angiography of the aorta and lower extremity arteries: preliminary experience JF Meaney, JP Ridgway, S Chakraverty, I Robertson, D Kessel, A Radjenovic, M Kouwenhoven, A Kassner and MA Smith Radiology 211(1), 59-67, 1999 80. Quantitative comparison of intrabrain diffusion in adults and preterm and term neonates and infants SF Tanner, LA Ramenghi, JP Ridgway, E Berry, MA Saysell, D Martinez, RJ Arthur, MA Smith and Ml Levene American Journal of Roentgenology 174(6), 1643-9, 2000 81. A systematic review of the precision and accuracy of dose measurements in photon radiotherapy using polymer and Fricke MRI gel dosimetry ND MacDougall, WG Pitchford and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 47, 107-121, 2002 Response to comments: Physics in Medicine and Biology 48, L19 - 22, 2003 82. Cerebral perfusion in infants and neonates: preliminary results obtained using dynamic susceptibility contrast enhanced MRI SF Tanner, LG Cornette, LA Ramenghi, LS Miall, JP Ridgway, MA Smith and Ml Levene Archives for Disease in Childhood 88(6), F525-530, 2003 83. Evaluation of the dosimetric performance of BANG3 polymer gels ND MacDougall, ME Miquel, DJ Wilson, SF Keevil and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 50, 1717 - 1726, 2005 84. T1 measurement using a short acquisition period for quantitative cardiac applications DM Higgins, JP Ridgway, A Radjenovic, UM Sivananthan, and MA Smith Medical Physics 32, 1738-1746, 2005 85. A method for pharmacokinetic modeling of dynamic contrast enhanced MRI studies of rapidly enhancing lesions acquired in a clinical setting A Radjenovic, JP Ridgway and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 51, N187-N197, 2006 • PATENTS (COPIES NOT INCLUDED) • 86. Surface coils for magnetic resonance imaging MA Smith 1986 87. Sympathetic resonance in magnetic resonance imaging MA Smith 198