Zigbee based Wireless Sensor Network for Smart Energy Meter

Wireless sensor networks are expanding across a wide range of application scenarios. The most widely used transmitter is "ZigBee," which is used in wireless sensor networks. Based on the IEEE standard known as IEEE 802.15.4, ZigBee is an enabling low-cost technology that offers minimal energy consumption and a low data rate. It is used for remote control, medical aid, home automation, industry control, and other wireless sensor applications, in addition to wireless sensor networks and personal area network applications. This paper aims to develop a wireless sensor network and a protocol for smart energy meter applications. Our proposed system comprises a digital energy meter, a ZigBee coordinator, and a management application. A terminal alert and a cover alarm can be automatically sent to the management software by the wireless meter reading system once it has read the unit. Mistakes from Errors in leakage metering reading to manual meter reading can be avoided. This proposed system will improve efficiency by reducing labor intensity to liberate labor and force. The system setup can accommodate a large number of energy meters with sufficient hop network depth to detect a new energy meter automatically. The technology can be widely used in wireless monitoring and control applications because of its low cost, low power consumption, extended battery life, and mesh networking's ability to extend high reliability to a broader range. To connect a variety of low-power devices wirelessly, ZigBee will satisfy the rising demand. For the future generation of industrial technologies, ZigBee will be deployed.Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP) © Copyright: All rights reserved

Powertrace: Network-level Power Profiling for Low-power Wireless Networks

Low-power wireless networks are quickly becoming a critical part of our everyday infrastructure. Power consumption is a critical concern, but power measurement and estimation is a challenge. We present Powertrace, which to the best of our knowledge is the first system for network-level power profiling of low-power wireless systems. Powertrace uses power state tracking to estimate system power consumption and a structure called energy capsules to attribute energy consumption to activities such as packet transmissions and receptions. With Powertrace, the power consumption of a system can be broken down into individual activities which allows us to answer questions such as “How much energy is spent forwarding packets for node X?”, “How much energy is spent on control traffic and how much on critical data?”, and “How much energy does application X account for?”. Experiments show that Powertrace is accurate to 94% of the energy consumption of a device. To demonstrate the usefulness of Powertrace, we use it to experimentally analyze the power behavior of the proposed IETF standard IPv6 RPL routing protocol and a sensor network data collection protocol. Through using Powertrace, we find the highest power consumers and are able to reduce the power consumption of data collection with 24%. It is our hope that Powertrace will help the community to make empirical energy evaluation a widely used tool in the low-power wireless research community toolbox

A bio-inspired object tracking algorithm for minimising power consumption

This electronic document is a 'live' template. The various components of your paper [title, text, heads, etc.] are already defined on the style sheet, as illustrated by the portions given in this document. A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a distributed information processing system with the capabilities of sensing, wireless communication and data processing. Individual sensor modules of such a network sense the environment, perform data processing locally and cooperate with other sensors via communication. One very important issue in the deployment of a wireless sensor network is the problem of optimizing energy consumption as these networks may be deployed in places where energy supply are not readily available such as in a seaport container terminal and they are required to work with a long lifespan. The main objective of our research is to develop an algorithm for controlling the power consumption of sensor modules in a wireless sensor network for mobile object tracking. The algorithm determines the actions of an individual sensor module to enter a low power state to conserve energy while maintaining its functionality to track objects and to optimize the lifespan of the entire sensor network by reducing overall power consumption. A control framework and corresponding algorithms for controlling the actions of a sensor is designed and experimentation is done to show its efficiency in controlling power consumption of a sensor network. © 2010 IEEE.published_or_final_versionThe 2010 International Conference on Green Circuits and Systems (ICGCS 2010), Shanghai, China, 21-23 June 2010. In Proceedings of ICGCS, 2010, p. 355-36

Data Aggregation Based Proactive Data Reporting Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor networks are the grouping of tiny sensor nodes that gathers the information by sensing activeness from the surroundings similar lands, forests, hills, sea. Power saving is a critical issue in wireless sensor networks since sensor nodes are battery-powered. To achieve optimized network performance at collecting a small portion of sensed data in network is in current researches. There are many protocols available for the successful communication. Sink trail and sink trail-s are the two energy efficient proactive data reporting protocols for mobile sink based on data collection with low complexity and reduced control overhead. In wireless sensor networks, using mobile sinks mobility rather than static sink for data collection is the new trend. Recently the researches are giving the concentration on moving patterns of the mobile sink to achieve optimized network performance, collecting a small area of sensed data in the network and also reducing energy consumption is main motto of the recent searches. Sink trail and sink trail-S protocols aim to conserve energy by turning off unnecessary sensors while simultaneously preserving a constant level of routing fidelity. In the proposed system we proposed the system that provides solution over mobility problems in wireless sensor network with energy saving methodology using aggregation technique. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.150616

Development of a wireless sensor network for agricultural monitoring for Internet of Things (IoT)

Monitoring of the agricultural environment has become an important area of control and protection which provides real-time system and control communication with the physical world. This thesis focuses on Development ofa wireless Sensor Network for agricultural monitoring for Internet of things (IoT) to monitor environmental condition. Among the various technologies for Agriculture monitoring, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are perceived as an amazing one to gather and process information in the agricultural area with low-cost and low-energy consumption. WSN is capable of providing processed field data in real time from sensors which are physically distributed in the field. Agriculture and farming are one of the industries which have a late occupied their regards for WSNs, looking for this financially acute innovation to improve its production and upgrade agribusiness yield standard. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have pulled in a lot consideration in recent years.The proposed system uses WSN sensors to capture and track information pertaining to crop growth condition outside and inside greenhouses. 6LowPAN network protocol is used for low power consumption and for transmitting and receiving of data packets.This thesis introduces the agricultural monitoring system's hardware design, system architecture, and software process control. Agriculture monitoring system set-up is based on Contiki OS while device testing is carried out using real-time farm information and historical dat

Connectionless indoor inventory tracking in Zigbee RFID sensor network

Abstract: Zigbee is one of the most exciting wireless sensor network (WSN) technologies for monitoring and control. In our previous research, an integrated Zigbee RFID sensor network was designed as an ‘all-in-one’ system solution for Humanitarian Logistics Center (HLC) resource management. Various field trials, which have justified the feasibility and features of such a system structure, have also revealed the requirement for simple yet reliable mobile tracking architecture for Zigbee network. In this paper a connectionless tracking architecture based on Zigbee RFID sensor network is proposed for inventory management applications. Such architecture features a consistent network structure, low hardware energy consumption and no accumulated error for localization algorithms with the least additional cost and hardware required on top of the existing Zigbee RFID sensor network systems. A simple demo system is also developed to demonstrate the feasibility of our design

Resource optimisation in a wireless sensor network with guaranteed estimator performance

New control paradigms are needed for large networks of wireless sensors and actuators in order to efficiently utilise system resources. In this study, the authors consider the problem of discrete-time state estimation over a wireless sensor network. Given a tree that represents the sensor communications with the fusion centre, the authors derive the optimal estimation algorithm at the fusion centre, and provide a closedform expression for the steady-state error covariance matrix. They then present a tree reconfiguration algorithm that produces a sensor tree that has low overall energy consumption and guarantees a desired level of estimation quality at the fusion centre. The authors further propose a sensor tree construction and scheduling algorithm that leads to a longer network lifetime than the tree reconfiguration algorithm. Examples are provided throughout the paper to demonstrate the algorithms and theory developed

Congestion and medium access control in 6LoWPAN WSN

In computer networks, congestion is a condition in which one or more egressinterfaces are offered more packets than are forwarded at any given instant [1]. In wireless sensor networks, congestion can cause a number of problems including packet loss, lower throughput and poor energy efficiency. These problems can potentially result in a reduced deployment lifetime and underperforming applications. Moreover, idle radio listening is a major source of energy consumption therefore low-power wireless devices must keep their radio transceivers off to maximise their battery lifetime. In order to minimise energy consumption and thus maximise the lifetime of wireless sensor networks, the research community has made significant efforts towards power saving medium access control protocols with Radio Duty Cycling. However, careful study of previous work reveals that radio duty cycle schemes are often neglected during the design and evaluation of congestion control algorithms. This thesis argues that the presence (or lack) of radio duty cycle can drastically influence the performance of congestion control mechanisms. To investigate if previous findings regarding congestion control are still applicable in IPv6 over low power wireless personal area and duty cycling networks; some of the most commonly used congestion detection algorithms are evaluated through simulations. The research aims to develop duty cycle aware congestion control schemes for IPv6 over low power wireless personal area networks. The proposed schemes must be able to maximise the networks goodput, while minimising packet loss, energy consumption and packet delay. Two congestion control schemes, namely DCCC6 (Duty Cycle-Aware Congestion Control for 6LoWPAN Networks) and CADC (Congestion Aware Duty Cycle MAC) are proposed to realise this claim. DCCC6 performs congestion detection based on a dynamic buffer. When congestion occurs, parent nodes will inform the nodes contributing to congestion and rates will be readjusted based on a new rate adaptation scheme aiming for local fairness. The child notification procedure is decided by DCCC6 and will be different when the network is duty cycling. When the network is duty cycling the child notification will be made through unicast frames. On the contrary broadcast frames will be used for congestion notification when the network is not duty cycling. Simulation and test-bed experiments have shown that DCCC6 achieved higher goodput and lower packet loss than previous works. Moreover, simulations show that DCCC6 maintained low energy consumption, with average delay times while it achieved a high degree of fairness. CADC, uses a new mechanism for duty cycle adaptation that reacts quickly to changing traffic loads and patterns. CADC is the first dynamic duty cycle pro- tocol implemented in Contiki Operating system (OS) as well as one of the first schemes designed based on the arbitrary traffic characteristics of IPv6 wireless sensor networks. Furthermore, CADC is designed as a stand alone medium access control scheme and thus it can easily be transfered to any wireless sensor network architecture. Additionally, CADC does not require any time synchronisation algorithms to operate at the nodes and does not use any additional packets for the exchange of information between the nodes (For example no overhead). In this research, 10000 simulation experiments and 700 test-bed experiments have been conducted for the evaluation of CADC. These experiments demonstrate that CADC can successfully adapt its cycle based on traffic patterns in every traffic scenario. Moreover, CADC consistently achieved the lowest energy consumption, very low packet delay times and packet loss, while its goodput performance was better than other dynamic duty cycle protocols and similar to the highest goodput observed among static duty cycle configurations

On-chip ultra low power optical wake-up receiver for wireless sensor nodes targeting structural health monitoring

Wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of distributed nodes deployed for monitoring the physical conditions and organizing collected data at the central control unit. Power consumption is the challenges in WSN as the network consists of wireless sensor nodes becomes denser. By utilizing WSN and visible light technology, a simple health monitoring system design can be approached that are smaller in size, faster and lower power consumption. This work focuses on design a low power optical wake-up receiver to reduce the energy consumption of each node in WSN. A wake-up receiver is designed to be always-on for detecting incoming signal and switches on the stand by protocol controller and WSN network for data transmission process. The characteristic of optical transmission and functional circuit of a wake-up receiver has been investigated. A low power optical wake-up receiver has been designed in 180nm Silterra CMOS process technology. The proposed wake-up receiver consumes only 443pW in standby mode and 1.89nW in active mode. The proposed optical wake-up receiver drastically reduces the power consumption by more than one third compared to other wake-up receivers which could be a milestone in the medical field if successfully conducted