A localic theory of lower and upper integrals

An account of lower and upper integration is given. It is constructive in the sense of geometric logic. If the integrand takes its values in the non-negative lower reals, then its lower integral with respect to a valuation is a lower real. If the integrand takes its values in the non-negative upper reals,then its upper integral with respect to a covaluation and with domain of integration bounded by a compact subspace is an upper real. Spaces of valuations and of covaluations are defined. Riemann and Choquet integrals can be calculated in terms of these lower and upper integrals

A topos for algebraic quantum theory

The aim of this paper is to relate algebraic quantum mechanics to topos theory, so as to construct new foundations for quantum logic and quantum spaces. Motivated by Bohr's idea that the empirical content of quantum physics is accessible only through classical physics, we show how a C*-algebra of observables A induces a topos T(A) in which the amalgamation of all of its commutative subalgebras comprises a single commutative C*-algebra. According to the constructive Gelfand duality theorem of Banaschewski and Mulvey, the latter has an internal spectrum S(A) in T(A), which in our approach plays the role of a quantum phase space of the system. Thus we associate a locale (which is the topos-theoretical notion of a space and which intrinsically carries the intuitionistic logical structure of a Heyting algebra) to a C*-algebra (which is the noncommutative notion of a space). In this setting, states on A become probability measures (more precisely, valuations) on S(A), and self-adjoint elements of A define continuous functions (more precisely, locale maps) from S(A) to Scott's interval domain. Noting that open subsets of S(A) correspond to propositions about the system, the pairing map that assigns a (generalized) truth value to a state and a proposition assumes an extremely simple categorical form. Formulated in this way, the quantum theory defined by A is essentially turned into a classical theory, internal to the topos T(A).Comment: 52 pages, final version, to appear in Communications in Mathematical Physic

Bohrification

New foundations for quantum logic and quantum spaces are constructed by merging algebraic quantum theory and topos theory. Interpreting Bohr's "doctrine of classical concepts" mathematically, given a quantum theory described by a noncommutative C*-algebra A, we construct a topos T(A), which contains the "Bohrification" B of A as an internal commutative C*-algebra. Then B has a spectrum, a locale internal to T(A), the external description S(A) of which we interpret as the "Bohrified" phase space of the physical system. As in classical physics, the open subsets of S(A) correspond to (atomic) propositions, so that the "Bohrified" quantum logic of A is given by the Heyting algebra structure of S(A). The key difference between this logic and its classical counterpart is that the former does not satisfy the law of the excluded middle, and hence is intuitionistic. When A contains sufficiently many projections (e.g. when A is a von Neumann algebra, or, more generally, a Rickart C*-algebra), the intuitionistic quantum logic S(A) of A may also be compared with the traditional quantum logic, i.e. the orthomodular lattice of projections in A. This time, the main difference is that the former is distributive (even when A is noncommutative), while the latter is not. This chapter is a streamlined synthesis of 0709.4364, 0902.3201, 0905.2275.Comment: 44 pages; a chapter of the first author's PhD thesis, to appear in "Deep Beauty" (ed. H. Halvorson

Measure theory over boolean toposes

In this paper we develop a notion of measure theory over boolean toposes which is analogous to noncommutative measure theory, i.e. to the theory of von Neumann algebras. This is part of a larger project to study relations between topos theory and noncommutative geometry. The main result is a topos theoretic version of the modular time evolution of von Neumann algebra which take the form of a canonical R+*-principal bundle over any integrable locally separated boolean topos.Comment: 23 page

Integrals and Valuations

We construct a homeomorphism between the compact regular locale of integrals on a Riesz space and the locale of (valuations) on its spectrum. In fact, we construct two geometric theories and show that they are biinterpretable. The constructions are elementary and tightly connected to the Riesz space structure.Comment: Submitted for publication 15/05/0

A sheaf theoretic approach to measure theory

The topos $extrm{Sh}(mathcal{F})$ of sheaves on a $sigma$-algebra $mathcal{F}$ is a natural home for measure theory. The collection of measures is a sheaf, the collection of measurable real valued functionsis a sheaf, the operation of integrationis a natural transformation, and the concept of almost-everywhere equivalence is a Lawvere-Tierney topology. The sheaf of measurable real valued functions is the Dedekind real numbers object in $extrm{Sh}(mathcal{F})$ and the topology of ``almost everywhere equivalence`` is the closed topologyinduced by the sieve of negligible sets The other elements of measure theory have not previously been described using the internallanguage of $extrm{Sh}(mathcal{F})$. The sheaf of measures, and the natural transformation of integration, are here described using the internal languages of $extrm{Sh}(mathcal{F})$ and $widehat{mathcal{F}}$, the topos of presheaves on $mathcal{F}$.These internal constructions describe corresponding components in any topos $mmathscr{E}$ with a designatedtopology $j$. In the case where $mmathscr{E}=widehat{mathcal{L}}$ is the topos of presheaves on a locale, and$j$ is the canonical topology, then the presheaf of measures is a sheaf on $mathcal{L}$. A definition of the measure theory on $mathcal{L}$ is given, and it is shown that when$extrm{Sh}(mathcal{F})simeqextrm{Sh}(mathcal{L})$, or equivalently, when $mathcal{L}$ is the locale of closed sieves in $mathcal{F}$this measure theory coincides with the traditional measure theory of a $sigma$-algebra $mathcal{F}$.In doing this, the interpretation of the topology of ``almost everywhere' equivalence is modified so as to better reflect non-Boolean settings.Given a measure $mu$ on $mathcal{F}$, the Lawvere-Tierney topology that expressesthe notion of ``$mu$-almost everywhere equivalence' induces a subtopos $extrm{Sh}_{mu}(mathcal{L})$. If this subtopos is Boolean, and if $mu$ is locally finite, then the Radon-Nikodym theorem holds, so that for any locally finite $ullmu$, the Radon-Nikodym derivative $frac{du}{dmu}$ exists

Point-free Construction of Real Exponentiation

We define a point-free construction of real exponentiation and logarithms, i.e. we construct the maps $\exp\colon (0, \infty)\times \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \!(0,\infty),\, (x, \zeta) \mapsto x^\zeta$ and $\log\colon (1,\infty)\times (0, \infty) \rightarrow\mathbb{R},\, (b, y) \mapsto \log_b(y)$, and we develop familiar algebraic rules for them. The point-free approach is constructive, and defines the points of a space as models of a geometric theory, rather than as elements of a set -- in particular, this allows geometric constructions to be applied to points living in toposes other than Set. Our geometric development includes new lifting and gluing techniques in point-free topology, which highlight how properties of $\mathbb{Q}$ determine properties of real exponentiation. This work is motivated by our broader research programme of developing a version of adelic geometry via topos theory. In particular, we wish to construct the classifying topos of places of $\mathbb{Q}$, which will provide a geometric perspective into the subtle relationship between $\mathbb{R}$ and $\mathbb{Q}_p$, a question of longstanding number-theoretic interest.Comment: Editorial and expository changes from previous version. Accepted, Logical Methods in Computer Scienc