A keyword-based ICN-IoT platform

Information-Centric Networking (ICN) has been proposed as a promising solution for the Internet of Things (IoT), due to its focus on naming data, rather than endpoints, which can greatly simplify applications. The hierarchical naming of the Named-Data Networking (NDN) architecture can be used to name groups of data values, for example, all temperature sensors in a building. However, the use of a single naming hierarchy for all kinds of different applications is inflexible. Moreover, IoT data are typically retrieved from multiple sources at the same time, allowing applications to aggregate similar information items, something not natively supported by NDN. To this end, in this paper we propose (a) locating IoT data using (unordered) keywords combined with NDN names and (b) processing multiple such items at the edge of the network with arbitrary functions. We describe and evaluate three different strategies for retrieving data and placing the calculations in the edge IoT network, thus combining connectivity, storage and computing

Gain More for Less: The Surprising Benefits of QoS Management in Constrained NDN Networks

Quality of Service (QoS) in the IP world mainly manages forwarding resources, i.e., link capacities and buffer spaces. In addition, Information Centric Networking (ICN) offers resource dimensions such as in-network caches and forwarding state. In constrained wireless networks, these resources are scarce with a potentially high impact due to lossy radio transmission. In this paper, we explore the two basic service qualities (i) prompt and (ii) reliable traffic forwarding for the case of NDN. The resources we take into account are forwarding and queuing priorities, as well as the utilization of caches and of forwarding state space. We treat QoS resources not only in isolation, but correlate their use on local nodes and between network members. Network-wide coordination is based on simple, predefined QoS code points. Our findings indicate that coordinated QoS management in ICN is more than the sum of its parts and exceeds the impact QoS can have in the IP world

NDN, CoAP, and MQTT: A Comparative Measurement Study in the IoT

This paper takes a comprehensive view on the protocol stacks that are under debate for a future Internet of Things (IoT). It addresses the holistic question of which solution is beneficial for common IoT use cases. We deploy NDN and the two popular IP-based application protocols, CoAP and MQTT, in its different variants on a large-scale IoT testbed in single- and multi-hop scenarios. We analyze the use cases of scheduled periodic and unscheduled traffic under varying loads. Our findings indicate that (a) NDN admits the most resource-friendly deployment on nodes, and (b) shows superior robustness and resilience in multi-hop scenarios, while (c) the IP protocols operate at less overhead and higher speed in single-hop deployments. Most strikingly we find that NDN-based protocols are in significantly better flow balance than the UDP-based IP protocols and require less corrective actions

Considerations on the Adoption of Named Data Networking (NDN) in Tactical Environments

Mobile military networks are uniquely challenging to build and maintain, because of their wireless nature and the unfriendliness of the environment, resulting in unreliable and capacity limited performance. Currently, most tactical networks implement TCP/IP, which was designed for fairly stable, infrastructure-based environments, and requires sophisticated and often application-specific extensions to address the challenges of the communication scenario. Information Centric Networking (ICN) is a clean slate networking approach that does not depend on stable connections to retrieve information and naturally provides support for node mobility and delay/disruption tolerant communications - as a result it is particularly interesting for tactical applications. However, despite ICN seems to offer some structural benefits for tactical environments over TCP/IP, a number of challenges including naming, security, performance tuning, etc., still need to be addressed for practical adoption. This document, prepared within NATO IST-161 RTG, evaluates the effectiveness of Named Data Networking (NDN), the de facto standard implementation of ICN, in the context of tactical edge networks and its potential for adoption

Edge Data Repositories - The design of a store-process-send system at the Edge

The Edge of the Internet is currently accommodating large numbers of devices and these numbers will dramatically increase with the advancement of technology. Edge devices and their associated service bandwidth requirements are predicted to become a major problem in the near future. As a result, the popularity of data management, analysis and processing at the edges is also increasing. This paper proposes Edge Data Repositories and their performance analysis. In this context, provide a service quality and resource allocation feedback algorithm for the processing and storage capabilities of Edge Data Repositories. A suitable simulation environment was created for this system, with the help of the ONE Simulator. The simulations were further used to evaluate the Edge Data Repository cluster within different scenarios, providing a range of service models. From there, with the help and adaptation of a few basic networks management concepts, the feedback algorithm was developed. As an initial step, we assess and provide measurable performance feedback for the most essential parts of our envisioned system: network metrics and service and resource status, through this algorithm

IoT TECHNOLOGY BASED ON AI PLATFORM FOR BLOCKCHAIN E-EDUCATION

The priority elements of the e-government system with Blockchain technologies in the most important socially oriented areas are the electronic health system, electronic education and science system, electronic environment, etc., the introduction of which is designed to make public information open to the public, in particular on the state of the environment, directions and volumes of use of public funds, Land Management, the state of development and use of mineral resources, etc.; automate some processes of management of the relevant areas (personnel, monitoring, finance, reporting); improve the Electronic Document Management System in educational and scientific institutions, healthcare and the environment; ensure that users of the system can receive services in the relevant areas through online services, including checking the validity of documents, registering in electronic queues, and so on. It should be noted that educational institutions provide applicants with "information", which in the learning process should turn into "knowledge". We note that the main difference between knowledge and information is the degree of organization and consciousness of Primary Data. In our opinion, the main difference lies not only in the degree of organization and consciousness of primary data but also in the orientation. So, information is the" raw material " for the formation of knowledge, the main resource, service, and product. Knowledge, in our opinion, is systematic, structured information that an individual has. That is, knowledge is a quality of the individual. A modern successful person needs to learn throughout his life. At the same time, the ability to make decisions independently, the ability to think, and the ability to solve complex interdisciplinary problems in non-standard situations become essential. This makes it necessary for a modern person to have the skills to search, analyze and process information in accordance with the methodology of scientific knowledge using digital technologies. The foundation for obtaining knowledge by a person is education, in the process of which educational institutions provide the applicant with "information" that he must turn into "knowledge". The process of converting information into knowledge in the modern environment is possible only if the information and research competencies are formed

Mobile Data Repositories at the Edge.

In a future IoT-dominated environment the majority of data will be produced at the edge, which may be moved to the network core. We argue that this reverses today’s “core-to-edge” data flow to an “edge-to-core” model and puts severe stress on edge access/cellular links. In this paper, we propose a data-centric communication approach which treats storage and wire the same as far as their ability to supply the requested data is concerned. Given that storage is cheaper to provide and scales better than wires, we argue for enhancing network connectivity with local storage services (e.g., in WiFi Access Points, or similar) at the edge of the network. Such local storage services can be used to buffer IoT and user-generated data at the edge, prior to data-cloud synchronization

Fog Computing in IoT Smart Environments via Named Data Networking: A Study on Service Orchestration Mechanisms

[EN] By offering low-latency and context-aware services, fog computing will have a peculiar role in the deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) applications for smart environments. Unlike the conventional remote cloud, for which consolidated architectures and deployment options exist, many design and implementation aspects remain open when considering the latest fog computing paradigm. In this paper, we focus on the problems of dynamically discovering the processing and storage resources distributed among fog nodes and, accordingly, orchestrating them for the provisioning of IoT services for smart environments. In particular, we show how these functionalities can be effectively supported by the revolutionary Named Data Networking (NDN) paradigm. Originally conceived to support named content delivery, NDN can be extended to request and provide named computation services, with NDN nodes acting as both content routers and in-network service executors. To substantiate our analysis, we present an NDN fog computing framework with focus on a smart campus scenario, where the execution of IoT services is dynamically orchestrated and performed by NDN nodes in a distributed fashion. A simulation campaign in ndnSIM, the reference network simulator of the NDN research community, is also presented to assess the performance of our proposal against state-of-the-art solutions. Results confirm the superiority of the proposal in terms of service provisioning time, paid at the expenses of a slightly higher amount of traffic exchanged among fog nodes.This research was partially funded by the Italian Government under grant PON ARS01_00836 for the COGITO (A COGnItive dynamic sysTem to allOw buildings to learn and adapt) PON Project.Amadeo, M.; Ruggeri, G.; Campolo, C.; Molinaro, A.; Loscri, V.; Tavares De Araujo Cesariny Calafate, CM. (2019). 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From Traditional Adaptive Data Caching to Adaptive Context Caching: A Survey

Context data is in demand more than ever with the rapid increase in the development of many context-aware Internet of Things applications. Research in context and context-awareness is being conducted to broaden its applicability in light of many practical and technical challenges. One of the challenges is improving performance when responding to large number of context queries. Context Management Platforms that infer and deliver context to applications measure this problem using Quality of Service (QoS) parameters. Although caching is a proven way to improve QoS, transiency of context and features such as variability, heterogeneity of context queries pose an additional real-time cost management problem. This paper presents a critical survey of state-of-the-art in adaptive data caching with the objective of developing a body of knowledge in cost- and performance-efficient adaptive caching strategies. We comprehensively survey a large number of research publications and evaluate, compare, and contrast different techniques, policies, approaches, and schemes in adaptive caching. Our critical analysis is motivated by the focus on adaptively caching context as a core research problem. A formal definition for adaptive context caching is then proposed, followed by identified features and requirements of a well-designed, objective optimal adaptive context caching strategy.Comment: This paper is currently under review with ACM Computing Surveys Journal at this time of publishing in arxiv.or

Evolutionary mutation testing for IoT with recorded and generated events

Mutation testing is a testing technique that has been applied successfully to several programming languages. Despite its benefits for software testing, the high computational cost of mutation testing has kept it from being widely used. Several refinements have been proposed to reduce its cost by reducing the number of generated mutants; one of those is evolutionary mutation testing (EMT). Evolutionary mutation testing aims at generating a reduced set of mutants with an evolutionary algorithm, which searches for potentially equivalent and difficult to kill mutants that help improve the test suite. Evolutionary mutation testing has been evaluated in two contexts so far, ie, web service compositions and object‐oriented C++ programmes. This study explores its performance when applied to event processing language queries of various domains. This study also considers the impact of the test data, since a lack of events or the need to have specific values in them can hinder testing. The effectiveness of evolutionary mutation testing with the original test data generators and the new internet of things test event generator tool is compared in multiple case studies