Machine translation evaluation resources and methods: a survey

We introduce the Machine Translation (MT) evaluation survey that contains both manual and automatic evaluation methods. The traditional human evaluation criteria mainly include the intelligibility, fidelity, fluency, adequacy, comprehension, and informativeness. The advanced human assessments include task-oriented measures, post-editing, segment ranking, and extended criteriea, etc. We classify the automatic evaluation methods into two categories, including lexical similarity scenario and linguistic features application. The lexical similarity methods contain edit distance, precision, recall, F-measure, and word order. The linguistic features can be divided into syntactic features and semantic features respectively. The syntactic features include part of speech tag, phrase types and sentence structures, and the semantic features include named entity, synonyms, textual entailment, paraphrase, semantic roles, and language models. The deep learning models for evaluation are very newly proposed. Subsequently, we also introduce the evaluation methods for MT evaluation including different correlation scores, and the recent quality estimation (QE) tasks for MT. This paper differs from the existing works\cite {GALEprogram2009, EuroMatrixProject2007} from several aspects, by introducing some recent development of MT evaluation measures, the different classifications from manual to automatic evaluation measures, the introduction of recent QE tasks of MT, and the concise construction of the content

A Logic-based Approach for Recognizing Textual Entailment Supported by Ontological Background Knowledge

We present the architecture and the evaluation of a new system for recognizing textual entailment (RTE). In RTE we want to identify automatically the type of a logical relation between two input texts. In particular, we are interested in proving the existence of an entailment between them. We conceive our system as a modular environment allowing for a high-coverage syntactic and semantic text analysis combined with logical inference. For the syntactic and semantic analysis we combine a deep semantic analysis with a shallow one supported by statistical models in order to increase the quality and the accuracy of results. For RTE we use logical inference of first-order employing model-theoretic techniques and automated reasoning tools. The inference is supported with problem-relevant background knowledge extracted automatically and on demand from external sources like, e.g., WordNet, YAGO, and OpenCyc, or other, more experimental sources with, e.g., manually defined presupposition resolutions, or with axiomatized general and common sense knowledge. The results show that fine-grained and consistent knowledge coming from diverse sources is a necessary condition determining the correctness and traceability of results.Comment: 25 pages, 10 figure

Identifying lexical relationships and entailments with distributional semantics

Many modern efforts in Natural Language Understanding depend on rich and powerful semantic representations of words. Systems for sophisticated logical and textual reasoning often depend heavily on lexical resources to provide critical information about relationships between words, but these lexical resources are expensive to create and maintain, and are never fully comprehensive. Distributional Semantics has long offered methods for automatically inducing meaning representations from large corpora, with little or no annotation efforts. The resulting representations are valuable proxies of semantic similarity, but simply knowing two words are similar cannot tell us their relationship, or whether one entails the other. In this thesis, we consider how methods from Distributional Semantics may be applied to the difficult task of lexical entailment, where one must predict whether one word implies another. We approach this by showing contributions in areas of hypernymy detection, lexical relationship prediction, lexical substitution, and textual entailment. We propose novel experimental setups, models, analysis, and interpretations, which ultimate provide us with a better understanding of both the nature of lexical entailment, as well as the information available within distributional representations.Computer Science

Learning to distinguish hypernyms and co-hyponyms

This work is concerned with distinguishing different semantic relations which exist between distributionally similar words. We compare a novel approach based on training a linear Support Vector Machine on pairs of feature vectors with state-of-the-art methods based on distributional similarity. We show that the new supervised approach does better even when there is minimal information about the target words in the training data, giving a 15% reduction in error rate over unsupervised approaches

IMTKU Textual Entailment System for Recognizing Inference in Text at NTCIR-10 RITE-2

Min-Yuh Day, Chun Tu, Shih-Jhen Huang, Hou-Cheng Vong, Shih-Wei Wu (2013), "IMTKU Textual Entailment System for Recognizing Inference in Text at NTCIR-10 RITE-2," in Proceedings of the 10th NTCIR Conference on Evaluation of Information Access Technologies(NTCIR-10), Tokyo, Japan, June 18-21, 2013, pp. 462-468.[[abstract]]In this paper, we describe the IMTKU (Information Management at TamKang University) textual entailment system for recognizing inference in text at NTCIR-10 RITE-2 (Recognizing Inference in Text). We proposed a textual entailment system using a hybrid approach that integrate semantic features and machine learning techniques for recognizing inference in text at NTCIR-10 RITE-2 task. We submitted 3 official runs for BC, MC and RITE4QA subtask. In NTCIR-10 RITE-2 task, IMTKU team achieved 0.509 in the CT-MC subtask, 0.663 in the CT-BC subtask; 0.402 in the CS-MC subtask, 0.627 in the CS-BC subtask; In MRR index, 0.257 in the CT-RITE4QA subtask, 0.338 in the CS-RITE4QA subtask.[[sponsorship]]National Institute of Informatics (NII), Tokyo, Japan[[conferencetype]]國際[[conferencedate]]20130618~20130621[[booktype]]電子版[[iscallforpapers]]Y[[conferencelocation]]Tokyo, Japa