Aerothermodynamics research at NASA Ames Research Center

Research activity in the aerothermodynamics branch at the NASA Ames Research Center is reviewed. Advanced concepts and mission studies relating to the next generation aerospace transportation systems are summarized and directions for continued research identified. Theoretical and computational studies directed at determining flow fields and radiative and convective heating loads in real gases are described. Included are Navier-Stokes codes for equilibrium and thermochemical nonequilibrium air. Experimental studies in the 3.5-ft hypersonic wind tunnel, the ballistic ranges, and the electric arc driven shock tube are described. Tested configurations include generic hypersonic aerospace plane configurations, aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicle shapes and Galileo probe models

Computational fluid dynamics

An overview of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) activities at the Langley Research Center is given. The role of supercomputers in CFD research, algorithm development, multigrid approaches to computational fluid flows, aerodynamics computer programs, computational grid generation, turbulence research, and studies of rarefied gas flows are among the topics that are briefly surveyed

NAS Technical Summaries, March 1993 - February 1994

NASA created the Numerical Aerodynamic Simulation (NAS) Program in 1987 to focus resources on solving critical problems in aeroscience and related disciplines by utilizing the power of the most advanced supercomputers available. The NAS Program provides scientists with the necessary computing power to solve today's most demanding computational fluid dynamics problems and serves as a pathfinder in integrating leading-edge supercomputing technologies, thus benefitting other supercomputer centers in government and industry. The 1993-94 operational year concluded with 448 high-speed processor projects and 95 parallel projects representing NASA, the Department of Defense, other government agencies, private industry, and universities. This document provides a glimpse at some of the significant scientific results for the year

A Biomimetic, Energy-Harvesting, Obstacle-Avoiding, Path-Planning Algorithm for UAVs

This dissertation presents two new approaches to energy harvesting for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). One method is based on the Potential Flow Method (PFM); the other method seeds a wind-field map based on updraft peak analysis and then applies a variant of the Bellman-Ford algorithm to find the minimum-cost path. Both methods are enhanced by taking into account the performance characteristics of the aircraft using advanced performance theory. The combined approach yields five possible trajectories from which the one with the minimum energy cost is selected. The dissertation concludes by using the developed theory and modeling tools to simulate the flight paths of two small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (sUAV) in the 500 kg and 250 kg class. The results show that, in mountainous regions, substantial energy can be recovered, depending on topography and wind characteristics. For the examples presented, as much as 50% of the energy was recovered for a complex, multi-heading, multi-altitude, 170 km mission in an average wind speed of 9 m/s. The algorithms constitute a Generic Intelligent Control Algorithm (GICA) for autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles that enables an extraction of atmospheric energy while completing a mission trajectory. At the same time, the algorithm automatically adjusts the flight path in order to avoid obstacles, in a fashion not unlike what one would expect from living organisms, such as birds and insects. This multi-disciplinary approach renders the approach biomimetic, i.e. it constitutes a synthetic system that “mimics the formation and function of biological mechanisms and processes.

NAS technical summaries. Numerical aerodynamic simulation program, March 1992 - February 1993

NASA created the Numerical Aerodynamic Simulation (NAS) Program in 1987 to focus resources on solving critical problems in aeroscience and related disciplines by utilizing the power of the most advanced supercomputers available. The NAS Program provides scientists with the necessary computing power to solve today's most demanding computational fluid dynamics problems and serves as a pathfinder in integrating leading-edge supercomputing technologies, thus benefitting other supercomputer centers in government and industry. The 1992-93 operational year concluded with 399 high-speed processor projects and 91 parallel projects representing NASA, the Department of Defense, other government agencies, private industry, and universities. This document provides a glimpse at some of the significant scientific results for the year

Multi-objective optimisation of aircraft flight trajectories in the ATM and avionics context

The continuous increase of air transport demand worldwide and the push for a more economically viable and environmentally sustainable aviation are driving significant evolutions of aircraft, airspace and airport systems design and operations. Although extensive research has been performed on the optimisation of aircraft trajectories and very efficient algorithms were widely adopted for the optimisation of vertical flight profiles, it is only in the last few years that higher levels of automation were proposed for integrated flight planning and re-routing functionalities of innovative Communication Navigation and Surveillance/Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) and Avionics (CNS+A) systems. In this context, the implementation of additional environmental targets and of multiple operational constraints introduces the need to efficiently deal with multiple objectives as part of the trajectory optimisation algorithm. This article provides a comprehensive review of Multi-Objective Trajectory Optimisation (MOTO) techniques for transport aircraft flight operations, with a special focus on the recent advances introduced in the CNS+A research context. In the first section, a brief introduction is given, together with an overview of the main international research initiatives where this topic has been studied, and the problem statement is provided. The second section introduces the mathematical formulation and the third section reviews the numerical solution techniques, including discretisation and optimisation methods for the specific problem formulated. The fourth section summarises the strategies to articulate the preferences and to select optimal trajectories when multiple conflicting objectives are introduced. The fifth section introduces a number of models defining the optimality criteria and constraints typically adopted in MOTO studies, including fuel consumption, air pollutant and noise emissions, operational costs, condensation trails, airspace and airport operations

Venting Optimization of a Pulse Detonation Engine

Un programme de la méthode des caractéristiques (MOC) à une dimension a été construit pour évaluer le rejet des produits gazeux d’un moteur pulsé par des ondes de détonation. Une comparaison avec des résultats expérimentaux et des simulations numériques à deux dimensions a démontré que les simulations à une dimension sont assez précises. Un algorithme semi-empirique été créé pour modéliser l’accélération d’une flamme de déflagration et ensuite comparé à des resultats expérimentaux. Malgré des résultats prometteurs, ils n’étaient pas suffisamment précis pour permettre la modélisation d’une déflagration à une détonation. Des configurations différentes ont été évaluées avec le code MOC afin de comprendre quels paramètres optimisaient le rejet de gaz. Les paramètres modifiés ont été l’emplacement de l’initiation de la détonation, la vitesse de remplissage, et les remplissages partiels. Chaque configuration a aussi été simulée avec une tuyère à géométrie fixe optimisée et une tuyère à géométrie variable. Les résultats ont démontré que l’impulsion d’un moteur avec une tuyère à géométrie variable augmente d’au plus 15 % en comparaison à un moteur sans tuyère. L’augmentation de l’impulsion d’un moteur avec une tuyère fixe est la moitié de celle d’une tuyère variable avec une diminution correspondante de la poussée moyenne. Pour les conditions initiales du mélange au repos, la différence de l’impulsion pour la détonation directe à la tête et celle de la détonation à la sortie est négligeable. Le temps pour évacuer la chambre était toujours plus court pour des détonations directes à la sortie. Si la vitesse de remplissage augmente, ça devient très avantageux d’amorcer la détonation à la sortie. Ces avantages sont une diminution minimale de l’impulsion spécifique, une augmentation plus grande de la poussée moyenne, un temps de cyclage plus long, et une meilleure performance avec une tuyère fixe. Des simulations avec un remplissage partiel ont démontré qu’ils ne remplacent pas une tuyère pour récuperer les pertes. Pour des tuyères fixes, la longueur de remplissage partielle peut être plus que la moitié de la longueur totale avant que la poussée moyenne commence à diminuer significativement.A one-dimensional method-of-characteristics (MOC) code was developed to examine the venting of pulse detonation engines. Comparison with experimental results and twodimensional computational fluid dynamics demonstrates that a reasonably accurate level of simulation can be achieved with a single spatial dimension. A semi-empirical, deflagrative, flame-acceleration model was also constructed and compared to experimental results. While the results were promising, they were not sufficiently accurate to allow for modelling of deflagration-to-detonation transition. Several configurations were then examined with the MOC code to determine which parameters optimized the venting of the exhaust gases. The parameters varied were the location of detonation initiation, the filling velocity, and the distribution of reactants (partial fills). Each configuration was also simulated with a practical, fixed-geometry nozzle that was optimized, and a theoretical, variable-geometry nozzle. The results indicate that a variable nozzle increases the impulse by less than 15 % over a configuration with no nozzle. The impulse gain from a fixed nozzle is about half that of a variable nozzle, with a corresponding decrease in average thrust. For quiescent initial conditions, the differences in impulse between detonations initiated at the closed head and the open tail are negligible, although tail-initiated detonations consistently provided faster blow-down times. With increased filling velocity, tail initiated detonations provide several benefits. These include a smaller decrease in specific impulse, a larger increase in average thrust, a longer cycle time, and better performance with a fixed nozzle. Simulations with partial fills showed that they do not replace nozzles in recovering losses. For fixed nozzles, the partial-fill length can be as much as half the total length of the tube before the average thrust begins to decrease significantly