Biologically inspired transparent material as an energy system

Glazed envelopes on buildings play a major role in operational energy consumptionas they define the boundary conditions between the climate outside and the thermalcomfort inside a building. Glass façades are viewed as an uncontrolled load that setsthe operational performance requirements for air-cooling mechanical systems. Thesefaçades are determined by code compliant performance levels set by a singleprescriptive static, the U value. This is energetically weak, a dynamic IR absorberstrategy is needed, since performance requires change by the hour, season, andweather conditions to sync with a warming earth atmosphere. A transparent dynamicIR absorber , will be modulated by temperature-dependance of the absorber by activetailored flows in a microfluidic based platform, than conventional IR static absorbers.Nature’s characterization of materials is a thermally dynamic response in real time toa microenvironment. This functionality of heat seeking materials would advance a transparent material by energy capture and storage. The hypothesis demonstratesnature’s use of fluidics to direct the structural assembly of a polymer into a thermallyfunctional device, to actively regulate solar radiation as an IR absorber, to lower thepolymer device phase transition temperature. This research determines thisfunctionality by hierarchical multi micro-channel network scaling, as a leaf resistor. Resistor conduit analysis defines flow target resistance through simulation to generatea multi micro-channel network, for enhanced solar radiation absorption. This isdemonstrated by precise hydrodynamic control in a network using switching of waterflow as a thermal switching medium to regulate heat transport flow. Nature evaluatesheat flow transport in real time that is not emulated in current glass façade staticperformance. The knowledge gap is therefore to advance a transparent material from astatic function, to a dynamic IR absorber for solar modulation, and this isdemonstrated in this research

1991 OURE report, including the 1st Annual UMR Undergraduate Research Symposium -- Entire Proceedings

The Opportunities for Undergraduate Research Experiences program began in 1990. The aims were to enrich the learning process and make it more active, encourage interaction between students and faculty members, raise the level of research on the campus, help recruit superior students to the graduate program, and support the notion that teaching and research are compatible and mutually reinforcing. Chancellor Jischke made available an annual budget of $50,000 to support the program. As the papers herein attest, the OURE program is achieving its goals — UMR graduates have performed research on an enormous variety of topics, have worked closely with faculty members, and have experienced deeply both the pleasures and frustrations of research. Several of the undergraduates whose papers are included are now graduate students at UMR or elsewhere. Others, who have not yet graduated, are eager to submit proposals to the next OURE round. I am sure all involved join me in expressing gratitude to Chancellor Jischke for inaugurating the program. The first section of this volume is made up of papers presented at the first annual UMR Undergraduate Research Symposium, held in April 1991. Joining the UMR undergraduates in the Symposium were students from other colleges and universities who had participated in an NSF- sponsored summer program of research on parallel processing conducted by the UMR Computer Science Department

Climate-responsive design:

In climate-responsive design the building becomes an intermediary in its own energy housekeeping, forming a link between the harvest of climate resources and low energy provision of comfort. Essential here is the employment of climate-responsive building elements, defined as structural and architectural elements in which the energy infrastructure is far-reaching integrated. This thesis presents the results of research conducted on what knowledge is needed in the early stages of the design process and how to transfer and transform that knowledge to the field of the architect in order for them to successfully implement the principles of climate-responsive design. The derived content, form and functional requirements provide the framework for a design decision support tool. These requirements were incorporated into a concept tool that has been presented to architects in the field, in order to gain their feedback. Climate-responsive design makes the complex task of designing even more complex. Architects are helped when sufficient information on the basics of climate-responsive design and its implications are provided as informative support during decision making in the early design stages of analysis and energy concept development. This informative support on climate-responsive design should address to different design styles in order to be useful to any type of architects. What is defined as comfortable has far-reaching implications for the way buildings are designed and how they operate. This in turn gives an indication of the energy used for maintaining a comfortable indoor environment. Comfort is not a strict situation, but subjective. Diversity is appreciated and comfort is improved when users have the ability to exert influence on their environment. Historically, the provision of comfort has led to the adoption of mechanical climate control systems that operate in many cases indifferent from the building space and mass and its environment. Climate-responsive design restores the context of local climate and environment as a design parameter. Many spatial, functional and comfort-related boundary conditions that have an effect on the energy design concept have been distinguished. There are many low-graded energy sources that can be put to use in the built environment, with local climate as the primary component. When exploring the potential of local climate, urban context needs to be taken into account since it heavily affects the actual potential. Since buildings are typically build to last for decades, consideration of changing climate and its expected effect on the energy potential is an important factor in the strategy to follow. The study of the energy potential of local climate resulted in a set of climate-related and context-related boundary conditions. The principles of climate-responsive design - the conceptual relations between energy source, energy treatment and comfort demand - can be translated into various design solutions, the contextual, architectural and technical implementation of these principles into an actual design. The design solutions can be divided into six categories- site planning, building form and layout, skin, structure, finish and (integrated)building service - that cover various dimensions in planning and construction. In this thesis a non-exhaustive list of design principles and solutions is presented using different matrices. In order to design using climate-responsive design principles the architect should be given an overview of the comfort contribution and energy performance of design solutions. Furthermore, the identification of collaborations and conflicts when using multiple design principles together is essential. The generation of a satisfying design is more than just stacking solutions upon each other. It should also be made clear what a possible energy function of a building element is besides its primary function. This is where comfort and energy related design objectives of climate-responsive design meet other objectives (i.e. spatial, functional and structural). Finally, the impact of climatere sponsive building elements on the appearance of design is relevant to concept orientated architects. Together this can be considered as the content requirements of the design-decision support tool. In the early stages of the design process climate-responsive design is about the generation of energy concepts. In this phase accessible guidelines and the option to compare alternatives is more important than to assess absolute performance. The conceptual design phase is dynamic and has many iterations. Informative, context specific knowledge reduces the number of iterations before the architect has generated a satisfying number of design options from which it can continue to the next design phase of assessment. Functional requirements for the framework of the design decision support tool are the inclusion of a knowledge base with expert knowledge and best practice examples, the provision of informative, context-specific knowledge, the provision of accessible guidelines, the provision of an option to compare alternatives, the inclusion of the ability to inform during and assist in decision-making (i.e. intelligence) and the limitation of complexity and the generation of easy to interpret output. The tool is primarily developed for the architect so it needs to blend in the architect’s workflow enabling the architect’s creativity and guiding his intuition. Other form requirements of the design-decision support tool are the presence of customisation options and custom navigation patterns, all presented in a visual style. A concept of the web-based tool has been developed in order to illustrate what a climate-responsive design-decision support tool could look like. The heart of the tool is formed by the knowledge base, constructed from items grouped into one of four categories: principles, solutions, projects and guidelines. Relationships between items are incorporated within the knowledge base as hyperlinks, which makes it easy to navigate from one item to another. The stored information is presented in numerous ways. Info sheets provide the most detailed presentation style containing all available information for an item, while catalogues, matrices and a gallery provide quick overviews and reveal direct relationships with other items. In order to become a true design-decision support tool, the presented tool needs to be further developed. This includes the use of a more context-specific presentation style and the inclusion of more context-specific knowledge, the addition of layers in which the knowledge is presented varying from more general to practical, the development and implementation of performance indicators and a more direct and visual approach to pinpoint synergetic and conflicting effects. By using the tool, architects can access relevant knowledge in different ways that suit their method of working. It enables the presentation of complex relationships in a clear way and by doing so unlocking a much broader part of the content to them. That will help speeding up the process of design iteration before the energy concept can be assessed in the successive phase of the design process

NASA Tech Briefs, November 1990

Topics: New Product Ideas; NASA TU Services; Electronic Components and Circuits; Electronic Systems; Physical Sciences; Materials; Computer Programs; Mechanics; Machinery; Fabrication Technology; Mathematics and Information Sciences

Research and technology 1995 annual report

As the NASA Center responsible for assembly, checkout, servicing, launch, recovery, and operational support of Space Transportation System elements and payloads, the John F. Kennedy Space Center is placing increasing emphasis on its advanced technology development program. This program encompasses the efforts of the Engineering Development Directorate laboratories, most of the KSC operations contractors, academia, and selected commercial industries - all working in a team effort within their own areas of expertise. This edition of the Kennedy Space Center Research and Technology 1995 Annual Report covers efforts of all these contributors to the KSC advanced technology development program, as well as technology transfer activities. Major areas of research include environmental engineering, automation, robotics, advanced software, materials science, life sciences, mechanical engineering, nondestructive evaluation, and industrial engineering

Développement et évaluation de stratégies de contrôle avancées des technologies de fenêtres intelligentes

Les fenêtres intelligentes présentent un potentiel important quant à la réduction de la consommation d’énergie dans les bâtiments et permettent d’assurer le confort visuel des occupants. Depuis le début des années 90, la recherche sur les technologies de fenêtres intelligentes s’est accentuée tant au niveau des technologies elles-mêmes qu’au niveau des types de contrôle qu’on peut leur appliquer pour gérer le plus efficacement possible le rayonnement solaire qui les traverse. Plusieurs laboratoires de recherche tels que le Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) se sont penché sur la question. L’évolution de la recherche dans ce domaine démontre toute la complexité associée à l’évaluation rigoureuse des performances des fenêtres intelligentes. De par sa capacité à gérer le rayonnement solaire, il va de soi que ce genre de technologies nécessite la connaissance du rayonnement solaire incident pour faciliter la prise de décision quant au contrôle à apporter. Étant donnés les coûts des technologies de capteurs de rayonnement solaire existantes et la limitation de certains quant à leur précision (lors de fluctuations du spectre électromagnétique et/ou des températures ambiantes), l’utilisation de capteurs de rayonnement solaire dédiés au contrôle de fenêtre intelligente est donc limitée. Par ailleurs, les connaissances sont encore limitées concernant les conditions permettant d’optimiser le contrôle de ce genre de technologies en termes d’énergie et de confort. L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’élargir les connaissances scientifiques sur le potentiel des technologies de fenêtres électrochromes quant à leur capacité à augmenter la performance énergétique et le confort des occupants dans les bâtiments. Dans un premier temps, un nouveau type de capteur de rayonnement solaire à faible coût est présenté. Ce capteur utilise la différence de température entre une surface blanche et une surface noire pour estimer le flux solaire radiatif traversant les ouvertures d’un bâtiment. Les mesures de rayonnement solaire sont corrélées aux températures de surfaces à l’aide un modèle thermique du capteur en 1D. Deux différents modèles de capteur sont présentés et les résultats obtenus sont comparés aux mesures solaires de référence obtenues par un pyranomètre. Il a été démontré que les modèles de capteurs présentent des précisions suffisantes pour un contrôle efficace. Finalement, il est observé que la période de calibration des capteurs requiert minimalement une demi-journée de mesures sous des conditions de ciel clair incluant le midi solaire. Dans un deuxième temps, l’impact des stratégies de contrôle de fenêtre intelligente sur la consommation énergétique globale est évalué. L’état des fenêtres intelligentes nécessaire à toute heure de la journée pour permettre une minimisation de la consommation d’énergie globale tout en respectant les contraintes reliées au confort thermique et visuel est déterminé à l’aide d’une stratégie d’optimisation basée sur des algorithmes génétiques. Ce contrôle quasi-optimal est alors comparé à d’autres approches qui peuvent être adaptées à des applications en temps réel, soit des contrôles fondés sur des règles et un modèle de contrôle prédictif. Les impacts de la masse thermique et de la puissance du système d’éclairage installé sont également analysés. Les résultats montrent que les quatre stratégies de contrôle à l’étude présentent une consommation énergétique similaire avec des écarts de consommation globale variant de 4% à 10%. Cette étude illustre que des stratégies de contrôle plus simple permettent d’obtenir des résultats satisfaisants. Finalement, une analyse de sensibilité basée sur une grande variété de combinaison de paramètres de design est réalisée. Des résultats énergétiques et de confort pour un total de 7680 scénarios sont obtenus et utilisés dans cette analyse considérant l’effet principal des paramètres de design du bâtiment. L’influence relative des paramètres est présentée et les différents designs améliorant les résultats sont déterminés. Les résultats montrent que la meilleure économie d’énergie avec fenêtres intelligentes se trouve dans des climats chauds avec une exposition élevée aux rayons solaires. La présence de fenêtres intelligentes influence principalement la charge de refroidissement maximale et agit comme une solution alternative à la masse thermique en termes de réduction potentielle de cette charge maximale. Bien que le choix de la stratégie de contrôle ait un impact limité sur l’économie d’énergie réalisée et la réduction de la charge maximale, l’analyse permet de constater que ce paramètre a un impact encore plus important sur le confort visuel. L’utilisation de fenêtres intelligentes ne semble pas influencer grandement le confort thermique à l’intérieur de la zone.Smart windows present a huge potential in terms of energy consumption reduction in buildings while also offering the possibility to assure occupants’ visual comfort. Since the early nineties, research in the field of smart windows gains a lot of interest on both the technologies and the controls that could be applied on such technologies to manage more efficiently solar gains passing through these windows. Many different well-known entities such as the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory invested efforts in this field and demonstrated the great complexity related to the thorough evaluation of smart window performances. Given its capacity to manage solar radiation, it makes sense to benefit from solar radiation measurements to control efficiently such technology. However, the costs and other technical related limitations reduce the potential to use readily available solar sensors for smart window control. Moreover, general knowledge is still limited regarding the conditions leading to optimal control decisions of smart windows. The main objective of this thesis was to gain a better understanding of how electrochromic windows could lead to improved performances in terms of energy consumption and thermal comfort. First, a new design of low cost solar sensor is proposed. The sensor uses the difference in temperature of white and black surfaces to estimate the solar heat flux through building openings. Results of solar radiation measurements are obtained through a correlation based on a 1D thermal model of the sensor. Two designs of the sensor are presented and obtained results compared with solar measurements of a high precision pyranometer. It was shown that the new sensors present sufficient accuracy for smart window control applications. Finally, it was observed that ideal sensors calibration period should consider at least half a day of measurements, including solar peak time, and should be done during clear sky conditions. Then, the impact of the applied control strategy on the overall energy consumption is investigated. The hour-by-hour state of the smart windows required to minimize overall energy consumption while respecting constraints related to comfort is determined through an optimization strategy based on genetic algorithms. This quasi-optimal control is compared to other approaches that could be applied in real-time applications, i.e. rule-based controls and a model predictive control. The impacts of thermal mass and installed light power density are also analyzed. Results show that the four control strategies under study presented similar energy consumption with differences in total energy consumption ranging from 4% to 10%. This study illustrates that simpler control strategies can also lead to satisfying results. Finally, a sensitivity analysis based on a large number of different combinations of design parameters is performed. Results related to energy and for a total of 7680 scenarios were obtained and used in this analysis considering the Main effect of the building parameters. The relative influence of the parameters is presented and the different designs improving the outputs are determined. Results have shown that the greatest total energy savings considering EC windows are for warmer climates with higher solar radiation exposures. The presence of an EC window mostly influences the cooling peak load and acts as an alternative solution to thermal mass from the perspective of peak reductions. While the choice of the specific window control strategy is having a limited impact on the energy savings and peak load reductions, the analysis revealed that this parameter has a larger impact on the visual comfort. The use of smart window does not appear to greatly influence the thermal comfort within the zone

Technology 2002: The Third National Technology Transfer Conference and Exposition, volume 2

Proceedings from symposia of the Technology 2002 Conference and Exposition, December 1-3, 1992, Baltimore, MD. Volume 2 features 60 papers presented during 30 concurrent sessions

Full Proceedings, 2018

Full conference proceedings for the 2018 International Building Physics Association Conference hosted at Syracuse University

Proceedings of the University of Cambridge Interdisciplinary Graduate Conference 2010

Second, revised edition of the Proceedings, originally published on CD-Rom as ISBN 978-0-9566139-0-5.Proceedings of the third annual Interdisciplinary Graduate Conference at the University of Cambridge