4,160 research outputs found
Thermoelectric simulation of electric machines with permanent magnets
The objective of this work is to describe some numerical tools developed to
perform the thermoelectric simulation of electric machines. From the electromagnetic
point of view, we will focus on the computation of nonlinear 2D transient magnetic fields
where the data concerning the electric current sources involve potential drops excitations.
From the thermal point of view, once the electromagnetic losses are known, we will show
an application of a Galerkin lumped parameter method (GLPM) to simulate the thermal
behavior of an electric motor. The proposed methods are applied to the simulation of a
permanent magnet synchronous electric motor
Geometric Objects: A Quality Index to Electromagnetic Energy Transfer Performance in Sustainable Smart Buildings
Sustainable smart buildings play an essential role in terms of more efficient energy.
However, these buildings as electric loads are affected by an important distortion in the current and
voltage waveforms caused by the increasing proliferation of nonlinear electronic devices. Overall,
buildings all around the world consume a significant amount of energy, which is about one-third of
the total primary energy resources. Optimization of the power transfer process of such amount of
energy is a crucial issue that needs specific tools to integrate energy-efficient behaviour throughout
the grid. When nonlinear loads are present, new capable ways of thinking are needed to consider
the effects of harmonics and related power components. In this manner, technology innovations are
necessary to update the power factor concept to a generalized total or a true one, where different
power components involved in it calculation, properly reflect each harmonic interaction. This work
addresses an innovative theory that applies the Poynting Vector philosophy via Geometric Algebra
to the electromagnetic energy transfer process providing a physical foundation. In this framework,
it is possible to analyse and detect the nature of disturbing loads in the exponential growth of
new globalized buildings and architectures in our era. This new insight is based on the concept
of geometric objects with different dimension: vector, bivector, trivector, multivector. Within this
paper, these objects are correlated with the electromagnetic quantities responsible for the energy flow
supplied to the most common loads in sustainable smart buildings. Besides, it must be considered
that these phenomena are characterized by a quality index multivector appropriate even for detecting
harmonic sources. A numerical example is used to illustrate the clear capabilities of the suggested
index when it applies to industrial loads for optimization of energy control systems and enhance
comfort management in smart sustainable buildings
RF Sensors for Monitoring the Electrical Properties of Electrolyte Solutions
A radio frequency electrical sensor for the qualitative analysis and monitoring of the
electrical properties of electrolyte solutions is designed, simulated and experimentally tested
in this research. This work is based on the use of planar inductors for the detection of a
change in the concentration of ionic species in a liquid sample. At first a literature review on
the physical chemistry of electrolyte solutions is provided. This will include topics on the
conductivity and relaxation properties of electrolytes. This will be followed by a look at
dielectric spectroscopy sensors, electrochemical sensors and inductive sensing devices. The
principles of electrodynamics and constitutive equations are discussed. Based on these, the
principles of operation of the RF electrical sensors are analysed. Two methods of theoretical
analysis of such structures are investigated. These methods are; analytical solution and finite
element computation method. The former offers greater insight into the system’s parameters
whilst the latter offers more information regarding the whole system. Given the qualitative
nature of the sensors under investigation and finite element approach was selected and used
in latter chapters to obtain grater insight into the behaviour of the system.
Planar inductor coils are designed on an FR4 substrate and packaged using PDMS to be used
as sensors in the monitoring of electrical properties of electrolytes. Experimental results on
these sensors are provided and discussed. The effects of solvent, acidity of the solutions, and
environmental factors on the behaviour of the sensors shall be discussed. This is followed by
finite element simulations of the sensor and the effect of various parameters on the overall
behaviour of the sensing device. A transformer apparatus is also constructed and
experimental data are provided for it. An electrolyte is placed on one of the coils of the
transformer and scattering parameters are looked upon for data analysis. The results obtained
using the FE method, is then used to obtain further information about the principle of
operation of the device
Systems of Differential Algebraic Equations in Computational Electromagnetics
Starting from space-discretisation of Maxwell's equations, various classical
formulations are proposed for the simulation of electromagnetic fields. They
differ in the phenomena considered as well as in the variables chosen for
discretisation. This contribution presents a literature survey of the most
common approximations and formulations with a focus on their structural
properties. The differential-algebraic character is discussed and quantified by
the differential index concept
Regularized maxwell equations and nodal finite elements for electromagnetic field computations in frequency domain
In this work we present an alternative approach to the usual finite element formulation based on edge elements and double-curl Maxwell equations. This alternative approach is based on nodal elements and regularized Maxwell equations. The advantages are that, without adding extra unknowns (such as Lagrange multipliers), it provides spurious-free solutions and well-conditioned matrices. Besides, its integral representation involves a less singular kernel (order 1 instead of 3), which makes this approach best suited to hybridization with integral numerical techniques. On the other hand, a new set of difficulties arises that were not present in the classical formulation. The main drawback is that a globally wrong solution is obtained when the electromagnetic field has a singularity in the problem domain. Also, boundary conditions and field discontinuities are more laborious to implement. This work explains how to overcome these difficulties and demonstrates that accurate solutions can be obtained with nodal elements and the regularized formulation.
We also present ERMES, the C++ implementation of the finite element approach depicted above and the main deliverable of this work. We compute with ERMES the scattering parameters of microwave filters and the specific absorption rate induced in a body when exposed to electromagnetic fields. ERMES is also the computational tool used in two novel numerical models introduced in this work. The first one characterizes electromagnetic metal forming processes and the second one the transfer impedance of cable shields.
The electromagnetic metal forming model calculates the driving Lorentz force and estimates the optimum frequency at which it is attained the maximum workpiece deformation. The main advantage of the approach is that it provides an explicit relation between the capacitance of the capacitor bank and the frequency of the discharge, which is a key parameter in the design of an electromagnetic forming system. The successful application of the regularized formulation in this model reveals its excellent behavior in the low-frequency (quasi-static) regime.
The second numerical model introduced in this work computes the transfer impedance of cable shields. The model reproduces the high frequency behavior of the transfer impedance more accurately than the approaches found in the literature and, moreover, it is able to analyze a wider variety of geometries and materials
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