[[alternative]]The Study of Supply Chain Inventory Model with Price-Sensitive Demand and Trade Credit

計畫編號：NSC96-2416-H032-007研究期間：200708~200807研究經費：460,000[[abstract]]在現今競爭性的市場環境，企業已經由獨立決策改變為協同合作來制定策略。為降 低成本及改善服務水準，有效的供應鏈策略必須考慮在供應鏈中不同層級之間的互動關 係。在複雜的供應鏈中，存貨的控制是相當困難的工作，而且對顧客的服務水準及整體 供應鏈系統的成本有顯著的影響。因此，在供應鏈管理（Supply Chain Management, SCM）模式下建立適當的整合存貨模型，如何決定同一供應鏈上合作夥伴的最適庫存/ 訂購策略，使得存貨相關總成本為最小或總利潤為最大，是本研究的主要內容。 本研究為二年期的研究計畫，將在考量商品的需求量隨價格變動(即需求率為銷售 價格的遞減函數)，且允許信用交易(供應商允許零售商延遲付款)下，分別建立適當的 整合存貨模型，以決定供應鏈中供應商與零售商的最適存貨策略。第一年在需求率固 定、且供應商允許零售商延遲付款的情況下，嘗試建立分別以供應商為領導者（零售商 為跟隨者）、零售商為領導者（供應商為跟隨者）及雙方合作的供應鏈存貨模型，並求 出Stackelberg 均衡解。。第二年在市場需求率為零售商銷售價格的遞減函數，且供應商 允許零售商延遲付款的情況下，考量非合作與合作賽局策略，建立並求解供應商與零售 商的最佳存貨決策模式。我們將嘗試利用數學證明最佳解存在的充分且必要條件，接著 建立一個演算法求出使得單位時間總利潤有最大值的最適解。最後，以數值範例說明求 解過程，並對重要的參數值進行敏感性分析。[[sponsorship]]行政院國家科學委員

Optimal production and delivery scheduling models for a supply chain system of deteriorating items

The market is varying from minute to minute nowadays. Increase cooperation and pursue the optimal interest of the integrated supply chain become a more effective way than act alone in the competition. In this research, an integrated inventory policy between singleproducer and multi-buyer is developed and two inventory models are built. The first model extends the research of Lin and Lin (2007) by changing the single-buyer system to the multibuyers one. Both backorder of buyers and deteriorating items of each party (producer’s level, buyers’ level, and during transport) are considered herein. The second model is based on the research of Woo et al.(2001) and Model 1 by takes raw material cost and remanufacturing proceeds into account additional. In both model, the producer and buyers collaboratively work at minimizing their total operation cost and the problems are solved under an assumption of equal replenishments and production cycles. The algorithms to find the optimal solutions are given, and numerical examples are presented. Sensitivity for systems parameters is also analyzed and all calculations are completed by software Matlab and Maple

A Study of Single-vendor and Multiple-retailers Pricing-Ordering Strategy under Group-Buying Online Auction

The supplier and buyers, with different objectives and self-interest, are separate economic entities acting independently and opportunistically to maximize their individual profits. In this paper, a GBA model in the B2B market is studied, where one supplier faces 2 different retailers, who cooperate in the order decision making. Firstly, the optimal ordering decision of the retailers was analyzed. Then, from the perspective of the supplier, the optimal pricing strategy of the supplier is also studied. Finally, it is concluded that the group buying online auction is a useful and efficient pricing mechanism in the B2B e-market, under which, all members of the supply chain will improve their payoffs

Inventory ordering policies for mixed sale of products under inspection policy, multiple prepayment, partial trade credit, payments linked to order quantity and full backordering

The situation where serviceable products are sold together with a proportion of deteriorating products to consumers is rarely discussed in the literature. This article proposes an inventory model with disparate inventory ordering policies under a situation where a portion of serviceable products and a portion of deteriorating products are sold together to consumers (i.e. mixed sales). The ordering policies consider a hybrid payment strategy with multiple prepayment and partial trade credit schemes linked to order quantity under situations where no inventory shortage is allowed and inventory shortage is allowed with full backorder. The hybrid payment policy offered by a supplier is introduced into the classical economic ordering quantity model to investigate the optimal inventory cycle and the fraction of demand that is filled from the deteriorating products under inspection policy. Further, a new solution method is proposed that identifies optimal annual total profit with mixed sales assuming no inventory shortage and inventory shortage with full backorder. The impact of an inspection policy is investigated on the optimality of the solution under hybrid payment strategies for the deteriorating products. The validation of the proposed model and its solution method is demonstrated through several numerical examples. The results indicate that the inventory model along with the solution method provide a powerful tool to the retail managers under real-world situations. Results demonstrate that it is essential for the managers to consider inclusion of an inspection policy in the mixed sales of products, as the inspection policy significantly increases the net annual profit

Coordination of pricing, inventory, and production reliability decisions in deteriorating product supply chains

In this article, we study a two-level supply chain model for deteriorating items, in which the supplier’s production system is unreliable and the retailer’s demand is price-sensitive. The supplier’s production line may randomly shift from the in-control state to the out-of-control state. When the production line is in the out-of-control state, a proportion of the produced products will have bad quality. To mitigate the out-of-control risks, the supplier can improve the production line reliability by investing in high-quality machines, highly skilled workers, or advanced maintenance technologies. We start with the study of pricing and inventory problems concerning endogenous reliability in the integrated and decentralised scenario. To better illustrate the proposed models, two applicable algorithms are designed to determine the optimal production reliability, ordering quantity, and prices. Then, a cooperative reliability investment and revenue-sharing contract is proposed to coordinate the supply chain. Numerical examples and sensitivity analysis of the equilibrium strategies and coordinating results on key system parameters (e.g. deterioration rate, production rate, etc.) are given to verify the effectiveness of the contract, and meanwhile get some managerial insights

The impact of preservation technology investments on lot-sizing and shipment strategies in a three-echelon food supply chain involving growing and deteriorating items

Food production systems are complex industrial operations that often involve multiple parties. This study proposes inventory management strategies for a multi-echelon perishable food supply chain with growing and deteriorating items. The upstream end of the proposed food supply chain is the farming echelon where newborn growing items are reared to maturity. Following this, the items are sent to the processing echelon for processing, a term that collectively describes activities such as slaughtering, cutting and packaging. The aim of the processing echelon is to transform live growing items into processed food products that are suitable for human consumption. The downstream end of the supply chain is the retail echelon where consumer demand for processed food products is met. Once the items are processed, they are subject to deterioration at both the processing and retail echelons. In light of this, an integrated inventory model aimed at optimising the performance of the entire food supply chain is formulated. The impact of investing in preservation technologies is also investigated due to the perishable nature of food products. To do this, a secondary model that incorporates an investment in preservation technologies is formulated. The model, representing a simplified industrial food production system, is aimed at jointly optimising the lot-size, number of shipments, growing cycle duration, processing cycle duration and the preservation technology investment amount. The results from the numerical example demonstrate that the preservation technology investment is worthwhile because it results in reduced inventory management costs across the supply chain.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/orpam2023Industrial and Systems Engineerin