1,308 research outputs found

    The application of neural networks in active suspension

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    This thesis considers the application of neural networks to automotive suspension systems. In particular their ability to learn non-linear feedback control relationships. The speed of processing, once trained, means that neural networks open up new opportunities and allow increased complexity in the control strategies employed. The suitability of neural networks for this task is demonstrated here using multilayer perceptron, (MLP) feed forward neural networks applied to a quarter vehicle simulation model. Initially neural networks are trained from a training data set created using a non-linear optimal control strategy, the complexity of which prohibits its direct use. They are shown to be successful in learning the relationship between the current system states and the optimal control. [Continues.

    A Neural Network Approach to Fault Detection in Spacecraft Attitude Determination and Control Systems

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    This thesis proposes a method of performing fault detection and isolation in spacecraft attitude determination and control systems. The proposed method works by deploying a trained neural network to analyze a set of residuals that are dened such that they encompass the attitude control, guidance, and attitude determination subsystems. Eight neural networks were trained using either the resilient backpropagation, Levenberg-Marquardt, or Levenberg-Marquardt with Bayesian regularization training algorithms. The results of each of the neural networks were analyzed to determine the accuracy of the networks with respect to isolating the faulty component or faulty subsystem within the ADCS. The performance of the proposed neural network-based fault detection and isolation method was compared and contrasted with other ADCS FDI methods. The results obtained via simulation showed that the best neural networks employing this method successfully detected the presence of a fault 79% of the time. The faulty subsystem was successfully isolated 75% of the time and the faulty components within the faulty subsystem were isolated 37% of the time

    Training Recurrent Neural Networks With the Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm for Optimal Control of a Grid-Connected Converter

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    This paper investigates how to train a recurrent neural network (RNN) using the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm as well as how to implement optimal control of a grid-connected converter (GCC) using an RNN. To successfully and efficiently train an RNN using the LM algorithm, a new forward accumulation through time (FATT) algorithm is proposed to calculate the Jacobian matrix required by the LM algorithm. This paper explores how to incorporate FATT into the LM algorithm. The results show that the combination of the LM and FATT algorithms trains RNNs better than the conventional backpropagation through time algorithm. This paper presents an analytical study on the optimal control of GCCs, including theoretically ideal optimal and suboptimal controllers. To overcome the inapplicability of the optimal GCC controller under practical conditions, a new RNN controller with an improved input structure is proposed to approximate the ideal optimal controller. The performance of an ideal optimal controller and a well-trained RNN controller was compared in close to real-life power converter switching environments, demonstrating that the proposed RNN controller can achieve close to ideal optimal control performance even under low sampling rate conditions. The excellent performance of the proposed RNN controller under challenging and distorted system conditions further indicates the feasibility of using an RNN to approximate optimal control in practical applications

    Head motion tracking in 3D space for drivers

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    Ce travail présente un système de vision par ordinateur capable de faire un suivi du mouvement en 3D de la tête d’une personne dans le cadre de la conduite automobile. Ce système de vision par ordinateur a été conçu pour faire partie d'un système intégré d’analyse du comportement des conducteurs tout en remplaçant des équipements et des accessoires coûteux, qui sont utilisés pour faire le suivi du mouvement de la tête, mais sont souvent encombrants pour le conducteur. Le fonctionnement du système est divisé en quatre étapes : l'acquisition d'images, la détection de la tête, l’extraction des traits faciaux, la détection de ces traits faciaux et la reconstruction 3D des traits faciaux qui sont suivis. Premièrement, dans l'étape d'acquisition d'images, deux caméras monochromes synchronisées sont employées pour former un système stéréoscopique qui facilitera plus tard la reconstruction 3D de la tête. Deuxièmement, la tête du conducteur est détectée pour diminuer la dimension de l’espace de recherche. Troisièmement, après avoir obtenu une paire d’images de deux caméras, l'étape d'extraction des traits faciaux suit tout en combinant les algorithmes de traitement d'images et la géométrie épipolaire pour effectuer le suivi des traits faciaux qui, dans notre cas, sont les deux yeux et le bout du nez du conducteur. Quatrièmement, dans une étape de détection des traits faciaux, les résultats 2D du suivi sont consolidés par la combinaison d'algorithmes de réseau de neurones et la géométrie du visage humain dans le but de filtrer les mauvais résultats. Enfin, dans la dernière étape, le modèle 3D de la tête est reconstruit grâce aux résultats 2D du suivi et ceux du calibrage stéréoscopique des caméras. En outre, on détermine les mesures 3D selon les six axes de mouvement connus sous le nom de degrés de liberté de la tête (longitudinal, vertical, latéral, roulis, tangage et lacet). La validation des résultats est effectuée en exécutant nos algorithmes sur des vidéos préenregistrés des conducteurs utilisant un simulateur de conduite afin d'obtenir des mesures 3D avec notre système et par la suite, à les comparer et les valider plus tard avec des mesures 3D fournies par un dispositif pour le suivi de mouvement installé sur la tête du conducteur.This work presents a computer vision module capable of tracking the head motion in 3D space for drivers. This computer vision module was designed to be part of an integrated system to analyze the behaviour of the drivers by replacing costly equipments and accessories that track the head of a driver but are often cumbersome for the user. The vision module operates in five stages: image acquisition, head detection, facial features extraction, facial features detection, and 3D reconstruction of the facial features that are being tracked. Firstly, in the image acquisition stage, two synchronized monochromatic cameras are used to set up a stereoscopic system that will later make the 3D reconstruction of the head simpler. Secondly the driver’s head is detected to reduce the size of the search space for finding facial features. Thirdly, after obtaining a pair of images from the two cameras, the facial features extraction stage follows by combining image processing algorithms and epipolar geometry to track the chosen features that, in our case, consist of the two eyes and the tip of the nose. Fourthly, in a detection stage, the 2D tracking results are consolidated by combining a neural network algorithm and the geometry of the human face to discriminate erroneous results. Finally, in the last stage, the 3D model of the head is reconstructed from the 2D tracking results (e.g. tracking performed in each image independently) and calibration of the stereo pair. In addition 3D measurements according to the six axes of motion known as degrees of freedom of the head (longitudinal, vertical and lateral, roll, pitch and yaw) are obtained. The validation of the results is carried out by running our algorithms on pre-recorded video sequences of drivers using a driving simulator in order to obtain 3D measurements to be compared later with the 3D measurements provided by a motion tracking device installed on the driver’s head

    Incremental Training Algorithms for Nonlinear Neural Networks

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    Electrical and Computer Engineerin

    On improving the performance of the Gauss-Newton filter

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    Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.The Gauss-Newton filter is a tracking filter developed by Norman Morrison around the same time as the celebrated Kalman filter. It received little attention, primarily due to the computation requirements at the time. Today computers have vast processing capacity and computation is no-longer an issue. The filter finite memory length is identified as the key element in the Gauss-Newton filter adaptability and robustness. This thesis focuses on improving the performance of the Gauss-Newton. We incorporate the process noise statistics into the filter algorithm to obtain a filter which explains the error covariance inconsistency of the Kalaman filter. In addition, a biased version of the linear Gauss-Newton filter, with lower mean squared error than the unbiased filter, is proposed. Furthermore the Gauss-Newton filter is adapted using the Levenberg Marquardt method for improved convergence. In order to improve the computation requirements, a recursive version of the filter is obtained

    Suitable MLP Network Activation Functions For Breast Cancer And Thyroid Disease Detection.

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    This paper presents a comparison study of various MLP activation functions for detection and classification problems

    Estimation Accuracy and Computational Cost Analysis of Artificial Neural Networks for State of Charge Estimation in Lithium Batteries

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    This paper presents a tradeoff analysis in terms of accuracy and computational cost between different architectures of artificial neural networks for the State of Charge (SOC) estimation of lithium batteries in hybrid and electric vehicles. The considered layouts are partly selected from the literature on SOC estimation, and partly are novel proposals that have been demonstrated to be effective in executing estimation tasks in other engineering fields. One of the architectures, the Nonlinear Autoregressive Neural Network with Exogenous Input (NARX), is presented with an unconventional layout that exploits a preliminary routine, which allows setting of the feedback initial value to avoid estimation divergence. The presented solutions are compared in terms of estimation accuracy, duration of the training process, robustness to the noise in the current measurement, and to the inaccuracy on the initial estimation. Moreover, the algorithms are implemented on an electronic control unit in serial communication with a computer, which emulates a real vehicle, so as to compare their computational costs. The proposed unconventional NARX architecture outperforms the other solutions. The battery pack that is used to design and test the networks is a 20 kW pack for a mild hybrid electric vehicle, whilst the adopted training, validation and test datasets are obtained from the driving cycles of a real car and from standard profiles
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