Discussion of the technology and research in fuel injectors common rail system

Common rail is one of the most important components in a diesel and gasoline direct injection system. It features a high-pressure (100 bar) fuel rail feeding solenoid valves, as opposed to a low-pressure fuel pump feeding unit injectors. Third-generation common rail diesels now feature piezoelectric injectors for increased precision, with fuel pressures up to 2,500 bar. The purpose of this review paper is to investigate the technology and research in fuel injectors common rail system. This review paper focuses on component of common rail injection system, pioneer of common rail injection, characteristics of common rail injection system, method to reduce smoke and NOx emission simultaneously and impact of common rail injection system. Based on our research, it can be concluded that common rail injection gives many benefit such as good for the engine performance, safe to use, and for to reduce the emission of the vehicle. Fuel injection common rail system is the modern technology that must be developed. Nowadays, our earth is polluting by vehicle output such as smoke. If the common rail system is developed, it can reduce the pollution and keep our atmosphere clean and safe

A short predictive Model Predictive Control (MPC) approach for hybrid characteristics analysis in DC-DC converter

Historically, the MPC has been successfully applied in drives system for over a decade. Furthermore, the DC-DC converter naturally deals with high switching phenomenon that contributes to the challenging in control approach. Its operation conventionally associated with PI/PID controller in order to meet the desired output. However, the PI/PID controller lacking in getting a good transient response since this controller highly depends on the controller gains. Recently, an advanced controller has been proposed in the literature for the purpose to enhance the DC-DC converter performance. Hence, in this thesis, the short prediction horizon of MPC using search tree optimization that generates low switching states phenomenon is proposed. The MPC algorithm is developed based on the hybrid characteristic signals from the DC-DC converter. The load changes due to the increasing or decreasing the loads (could be happened of heating effect) will affect the tracking of the output voltage. The Kalman Filter (KF) is used for load estimation for smoothing and tracking the output voltage. The performance of short prediction horizons is being compared to PI controller in terms of transient response during the start-up scenario. The results show that the proposed controller has a better response than PI controller, which is the overshoot has been reduced to more than 50% and the settling time more faster about 25% than PI controller during start-up scenario. Therefore, this control approach for DC-DC buck converter has produced the promising output transient performance when compared with the conventional PI controller while also minimizing the switching sequence phenomenon

Energy from organic sources

Elevated environmental awareness and exhaustion of resources are leading to develop substitute fuel from renewable resources that can be environmentally friendly. Bio-diesel fuel is a substitute to petrol base fuels currently being obtained from vegetable oils, animal fat, utilized oils from restaurants etc. Pet animal fats represent large wastes in tanneries. With a high energetically worth, animal fats may make up an energetical source with significant capital opportunities as raw substance (used with high precautionary measure) or also as oils acquired from ester interchange with alcohol (biodiesel) with higher facets being used as fuel at diesel engines

Regulación de tensión en convertidores DC-DC clásicos de segundo orden mediante la aplicación del control óptimo inverso con acción proporcional-integral

This article addresses the problem regarding power regulation in classical DC-DC second-order converters by means of a nonlinear control technique based on inverse optimal control theory. There are few papers that describe inverse optimal control for DC-DC converters in the literature. Therefore, this study constitutes a contribution to the state of the art on nonlinear control techniques for DC-DC converters. In this vein, the main objective of this research was to implement inverse optimal control theory with integral action to the typical DC-DC conversion topologies for power regulation, regardless of the load variations and the application. The converter topologies analyzed were: (i) Buck; (ii) Boost; (iii) Buck-Boost; and (iv) Non-Inverting Buck-Boost. A dynamical model was proposed as a function of the state variable error, which helped to demonstrate that the inverse optimal control law with proportional-integral action implemented in the different converters ensures stability in each closed-loop operation via Lyapunov’s theorem. Numerical validations were carried out by means of simulations in the PSIM software, comparing the established control law, the passivity-based PI control law, and an open-loop control. As a conclusion, it was possible to determine that the proposed model is easier to implement and has a better dynamical behavior than the PI-PBC, ensuring asymptotic stability from the closed-loop control design.Este artículo aborda el problema de regulación de tensión para convertidores DC-DC clásicos de segundo orden mediante una técnica de control no lineal basada en la teoría de control óptimo inverso. En la literatura hay pocos artículos que describen el control optimo inverso para convertidores DC-DC, por tanto, este estudio es una contribución al estado del arte en técnica de control no lineal para convertidores DC-DC. En este orden de ideas, el objetivo principal de esta investigación fue implementar la teoría de control óptimo inverso con acción integral a las topologías típicas de conversión DC-DC para regular tensión, independientemente de las variaciones de la carga y de la aplicación. Las topologías de los convertidores analizados fueron: (i) Buck; (ii) Boost; (iii) Buck-Boost; y (iv) Buck-Boost No Inversor. Se planteó un modelo dinámico en función del error de las variables de estado, el cual ayudó a demostrar que la ley de control óptimo inverso con acción proporcional-integral implementada para los diferentes convertidores garantiza la estabilidad para operación en lazo cerrado mediante el teorema de Lyapunov. Se realizó la validación numérica mediante simulaciones en el software PSIM, comparando la ley de control establecida, la ley de control PI basada en pasividad y un control en lazo abierto. Como conclusión, se pudo determinar que el método propuesto es más sencillo de implementar y con mejor comportamiento dinámico que el PI-PBC, garantizando la estabilidad asintótica desde el diseño de control en lazo cerrado

Study of a High-Efficient Wide-Bandgap DC-DC Power Converter for Solar Power Integration

This research focuses on the design and analysis of a Boost cascaded Buck-Boost (BoCBB) power converter with super high efficiency in electric power conversion. The BoCBB power converter is based on emerging wide-bandgap silicon-carbide (SiC) MOSFETs and Schottky diodes, which have only 1/6 times of power loss in traditional silicon power semiconductor devices. The BoCBB power converter can be widely applied in solar harvesting for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), military bases and electric utilities, as well as high-power DC motor drives for the electric vehicles, robotics, and manufacturing and product lines. This research analyzed the topology and energy efficiency of a 3-kW BoCBB power converter. The energy efficiency of the SiC-based BoCBB power converter was calculated under various switching frequencies (20-kHz – 100-kHz) and was first tested by a simulation study of solar power integration in a 400-Vdc distribution microgrid in Matlab/Simulink environment. The design of 50-kHz in switching frequency revealed to be optimal in overall system performance. This conclusion was further verified by experimental tests. The experimental tests demonstrated a high efficiency of above 97% in power conversion. In order to improve the power quality of the BoCBB power converter for time-varying solar radiation, a novel sliding-window-combined (SWC) hysteresis control technique was proposed and preliminarily verified by a simulation study to enhance transients of a power grid

Design and Control of Power Converters 2019

In this book, 20 papers focused on different fields of power electronics are gathered. Approximately half of the papers are focused on different control issues and techniques, ranging from the computer-aided design of digital compensators to more specific approaches such as fuzzy or sliding control techniques. The rest of the papers are focused on the design of novel topologies. The fields in which these controls and topologies are applied are varied: MMCs, photovoltaic systems, supercapacitors and traction systems, LEDs, wireless power transfer, etc

Diseño y control de una microred en dc de baja tensión con recursos distribuidos de energía

In this document a brief review of the DC microgrids generalities with emphasis in the control architecture is done. A novel hybrid-control architecture to take care of the inner, primary and secondary levels of DC microgrids monitoring, is simulated under different conditions. In the inner control architecture an Modified Exact Feedback Linearization with integral action approach, is proposed for control current or voltage in a Buck converter, designed to be part of the DC microgrid. The controllers are tested in simulation using Matlab-Simulink . Results are compared with classic PID controllers and evaluated under two different mathematical tools (Mean Square Error, Integral Time Absolute Error) in order to prove their effectiveness. The evaluated data show that the proposed approach outperform the classical methods..

Sliding Mode Control

The main objective of this monograph is to present a broad range of well worked out, recent application studies as well as theoretical contributions in the field of sliding mode control system analysis and design. The contributions presented here include new theoretical developments as well as successful applications of variable structure controllers primarily in the field of power electronics, electric drives and motion steering systems. They enrich the current state of the art, and motivate and encourage new ideas and solutions in the sliding mode control area

Control of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System

265 p.In the era of sustainable development, proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell technology has shown significant potential as a renewable energy source. This thesis focuses on improving the performance of the PEM fuel cell system through the use of appropriate algorithms for controlling the power interface. The main objective is to find an effective and optimal algorithm or control law for keeping the stack operating at an adequate power point. Add to this, it is intended to apply the artificial intelligence approach for studying the effect of temperature and humidity on the stack performance. The main points addressed in this study are : modeling of a PEM fuel cell system, studying the effect of temperature and humidity on the PEM fuel cell stack, studying the most common used power converters in renewable energy systems, studying the most common algorithms applied on fuel cell systems, design and implementation of a new MPPT control method for the PEM fuel cell system

Direct digital design of PIDF controllers with ComPlex zeros for DC-DC buck converters

This paper presents a new direct digital design method for discrete proportional integral derivative PID + filter (PIDF) controllers employed in DC-DC buck converters. The considered controller structure results in a proper transfer function which has the advantage of being directly implementable by a microcontroller algorithm. Secondly, it can be written as an Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) digital filter. Thirdly, the further degree of freedom introduced by the low pass filter of the transfer function can be used to satisfy additional specifications. A new design procedure is proposed, which consists of the conjunction of the pole-zero cancellation method with an analytical design control methodology based on inversion formulae. These two methods are employed to reduce the negative effects introduced by the complex poles in the transfer function of the buck converter while exactly satisfying steady-state specifications on the tracking error and frequency domain requirements on the phase margin and on the gain crossover frequency. The proposed approach allows the designer to assign a closed-loop bandwidth without constraints imposed by the resonance frequency of the buck converter. The response under step variation of the reference value, and the disturbance rejection capability of the proposed control technique under load variations are also evaluated in real-time implementation by using the Arduino DUE board, and compared with other methods