194 research outputs found
Multiuser non coherent massive MIMO schemes based on DPSK for future communication systems
The explosive usage of rich multimedia content in wireless devices has overloaded the
communication networks. Moreover, the fifth generation (5G) of wireless communications
involves new requirements in the radio access network (RAN) which require higher network
capacities and new capabilities such as ultra-reliable and low-latency communication
(URLLC), vehicular communications or augmented reality. All this has encouraged a remarkable
spectrum crisis in the RF bands. A need for searching alternative techniques
with more spectral efficiency to accommodate the needs of future emerging wireless communications
is emerging. In this context, massive MIMO (m-MIMO) systems have been
proposed as a promising solution for providing a substantial increase in the network capacity,
becoming one of the key enabling technologies for 5G and beyond. m-MIMO
provides high spectral- and energy-efficiency thanks to the deployment of a large number
of antennas at the BS. However, we have to take into account that the current communication
technologies are based on coherent transmission techniques so far, which require
the transmission of a huge amount of signaling. This drawback is escalating with the
excessive available number of antennas in m-MIMO. Therefore, the differential encoding
and non coherent (NC) detection are an alternative solution to circumvent the drawbacks
of m-MIMO in coherent systems. This Ph.D. Thesis is focused on signal processing
techniques for NC detection in conjunction with m-MIMO, proposing new constellation
designs and NC detection algorithms, where the information is transmitted in the signal
differential phase.
First, we design new constellation schemes for an uplink multiuser NC m-MIMO system
in Rayleigh fading channels. These designs allow us to separate the users' signals
at the receiver thanks to a one-to-one correspondence between the constellation for each
user and the received joint constellation. Two approaches are considered in terms of BER:
each user achieves a different performance and, on the other hand, the same performance
is provided for all users. We analyze the number of antennas needed for those designs
and compare to the required number by other designs in the literature. It is shown that
our designs based on DPSK require a lower number of antennas than that required by
their counterpart schemes based on energy. In addition, we compare the performance to
their coherent counterpart systems, resulting NC-m-MIMO based on DPSK capable of
outperforming the coherent systems with the suitable designs.
Second, in order to reduce the number of antennas required for a target performance
we propose a multi-user bit interleaved coded modulation - iterative decoding (BICM-ID) scheme as channel coding for a NC-m-MIMO system based on DPSK. We propose a novel
NC approach for calculating EXIT curves based on the number of antennas. Then using
the EXIT chart we find the best channel coding scheme for our NC-m-MIMO proposal.
We show that the number of users served by the BS can be increased with a 70% reduction
in the number of antennas with respect to the case without channel coding. In particular,
we show that with 100 antennas for error protection equal design for all users and a coding
rate of 1/2 we achieve the minimum probability of error.
Third, we consider that current scenarios such as backhaul wireless systems, rural
or suburban environments, and even new device-to-device (D2D) communications or the
communications in higher frequencies (millimeter and the emerging ones in terahertz frequencies)
can have a predominant line-of-sight (LOS) component, modeled by Rician
fading. For all these new possible scenarios in 5G, we analyze the behavior of the NC
m-MIMO systems when we have a Rician fading. We present a new constellation design
to overcome the problem of the LOS channel component, as well as an associated detection
algorithm to separate each user in reception taking into account the characterization
of the constellation. In addition, for contemplating a more realistic scenario, we propose
grouping users which experience a Rayleigh fading with those with Rician fading, analyzing
the SINR and the performance of such combination in a multi-user NC m-MIMO
system based on M-DPSK. The adequate user grouping allows unifying the constellation
for both groups of users and the detection algorithm, reducing the complexity of the
receiver. Also, the number of users that may be multiplexed may be further increased
thanks to the improved performance.
In the fourth part of this Thesis, we analyse the performance of multi-user NC m-
MIMO based on DPSK in real environments and practical channels defined for the current
standards such as LTE, the future technologies such as 5G and even for communications
in the terahertz band. For this purpose, we use a metric to model the time-varying characteristics
of the practical channels. We employ again the EXIT charts tool for analyzing
and designing iteratively decoded systems. This analysis allows us to obtain an estimate
of the degradation of the system's performance imposed by realistic channels. Hence, we
show that our proposed system is robust to temporal variations, thus it is more recommendable
the employment of NC-m-MIMO-DPSK in the future communication standards
such as 5G. In order to reduce he number of hardware resources required in terms of RF
chains, facilitating its implementation in a real system, we propose incorporating differential
spatial modulation (DSM). We present and analyze a novel multiuser scheme for
NC-m-MIMO combined with DSM with which we can see that the number of antennas
is not a
affected by the incorporation of DSM, even we have an improvement on the
performance with respect to the coherent case.
Finally, we study the viability of multiplexing users by constellation schemes against
classical multiplexing techniques such as time division multiple access (TDMA). In order
to fully characterize the system performance we analyze the block error rate (BLER)
and the throughput of a NC-m-MIMO system. The results show a significant advantage
regarding the number of antennas for multiplexing in the constellation against TDMA.
However, in some cases, the demodulation of multiple users in constellation could require
an excessively large number of antennas compared to TDMA. Therefore, it is necessary to
properly manage the tradeoff
between throughout and the number of antennas, to reach
an optimal operational point, as shown in this Thesis.El inmenso uso de contenido multimedia en los dispositivos inalámbricos ha sobrecargado
las redes de comunicaciones. Además, la quinta generación (5G) de sistemas de
comunicaciones demanda nuevos requisitos para la red de acceso radio, la cual requiere
ofrecer capacidades de red mayores y nuevas funcionalidades como comunicaciones ultra
fiables y con muy poca letancia (URLLC), comunicaciones vehiculares o aplicaciones
como la realidad aumentada. Todo esto ha propiciado una crisis notable en el espectro
electromagnético, lo que ha llevado a una necesidad por buscar técnicas alternativas con
más eficiencia espectral para acomodar todos los requisitos de las tecnologÃas de comunicaciones
emergentes y futuras. En este contexto, los sistemas multi antena masivos,
conocidos como massive MIMO, m-MIMO, han sido propuestos como una solución prometedora
que proporciona un incremento substancial de la capacidad de red, convirtiéndose
en una de las tecnologÃas claves para el 5G. Los sistemas m-MIMO elevan enormemente el
número de antenas en la estación base, lo que les permite ofrecer alta eficiencia espectral
y energética. No obstante, tenemos que tener en cuenta que las actuales tecnologÃas de comunicaciones
emplean técnicas coherentes, las cuales requieren de información del estado
del canal y por ello la transmisión de una enorme cantidad de información de señalización.
Este inconveniente se ve agravado en el caso del m-MIMO debido al enorme número de
antenas. Por ello, la codificación diferencial y la detección no coherente (NC) son una
solución alternativa para solventar el problema de m-MIMO en los sistemas coherentes.
Esta Tesis se centra en las técnicas de procesado de señal para detección NC junto con
m-MIMO, proponiendo nuevos esquemas de constelación y algoritmos de detección NC,
donde la información sea transmitida en la diferencia de fase de la señal.
Primero, diseñamos nuevas constelaciones para un sistema multi usuario NC en m-
MIMO en enlace ascendente (uplink) en canales con desvanecimiento tipo Rayleigh. Estos
diseños nos permiten separar las señales de los usuarios en el receptor gracias a la correspondencia
unÃvoca entre la constelación de cada usuario individual y la constelación
conjunta recibida en la estación base. Hemos considerado dos enfoques para el diseño en
términos de probabilidad de error: cada usuario consigue un rendimiento distinto, mientras
que por otro lado, todos los usuarios son capaces de recibir las mismas prestaciones
de probabilidad de error. Analizamos el número de antenas necesario para estos diseños y
comparamos con el número requerido por otros diseños propuestos en la literatura. Nuestro
diseño basado en DPSK requiere un número menor de antenas comparado con los
sistemas basados en detección de energÃa. También comparamos con su homólogo coherente, resultando que NC-m-MIMO basado en DPSK es capaz de superar a los sistemas
coherentes con los diseños adecuados.
En segundo lugar, para reducir el número de antenas requerido para un rendimiento
dado, proponemos incluir un esquema de codificación de canal. Hemos optado por un
esquema de modulación codificado por bit entrelazado y decodificación iterativa (BICMID).
Hemos empleado la herramienta EXIT chart para el diseño de la codificación de canal,
proponiendo un nuevo enfoque para calcular las curvas EXIT de forma NC y basadas en
el número de antenas. Los resultados muestran que el número de usuarios servidos por
la estación base puede ser incrementado reduciendo un 70% el número de antenas con
respecto al caso sin codificación de canal. En particular, para un array de 100 antenas
y un diseño que ofrezca iguales prestaciones a todos los usuarios, con un código de tasa
1=2, podemos conseguir la mÃnima probabilidad de error.
En tercer lugar, consideramos escenarios donde el canal tenga una componente predominante
de visión directa (LOS) con la estación base modelada mediante un desvanecimiento
tipo Rician. Por ejemplo, sistemas inalámbricos de backhaul, entornos rurales
o sub urbanos, comunicaciones entre dispositivos (D2D), también cuando nos movemos
hacia frecuencias superiores como son en la banda de milimétricas o más recientemente,
la banda de terahercios para buscar mayores anchos de banda. Todos estos escenarios
están contemplados en el futuro 5G. Los diseños presentados para canales Rayleigh ya no
son válidos debido a la componente LOS del canal, por ello presentamos un nuevo diseño de constelación que resuelve el problema de la componente LOS, asà como una guÃa para
diseñar nuevas constelaciones. También proponemos un algoritmo asociado al diseñno de
la constelación para poder separar a los usuarios en recepción. Además, para contemplar
un escenario más realista donde podamos encontrar tanto desvanecimiento Rayleigh como
Rice, proponemos agrupar usuarios de ambos grupos, analizando su rendimiento y relación
señal a interferencia en la combinación. El adecuado agrupamiento permite unificar el
diseño de la constelación para ambos desvanecimientos y por tanto reducir la complejidad
en el receptor. También, el número de usuarios multiplicados en la constelación podrÃa
ser incrementado, gracias a la mejora en el rendimiento.
El cuarto módulo de esta tesis es dedicado a analizar el rendimiento de los diseños
propuestos en presencia de canales reales, donde disponemos de variabilidad temporal y en
frecuencia. Proponemos usar una métrica que modela las caracterÃsticas de la variabilidad
temporal y, usando de nuevo la herramienta EXIT, analizamos los sistemas decodificados
iterativamente considerando ahora los parámetros prácticos del canal. Este análisis nos
permite obtener una estimación de la degradación que sufre el rendimiento del sistema
impuesto por canales reales. Los resultados muestran que los sistemas NC-m-MIMO basados
en DPSK son muy robustos a la variabilidad temporal por lo que son recomendables
para los nuevos escenarios propuestos por el 5G, donde el canal cambia rápidamente.
Otra consideración para introducir los sistemas NC con m-MIMO es la problemática
de necesitar muchas cadenas de radio frecuencia que llevarÃan a tamaños de dispositivos
enormes. Para reducir este número se propone la modulación espacial. En esta Tesis,
estudiamos su uso con los sistemas NC, proponiendo una solución de modulación espacial
diferencial para esquemas con múltiples usuarios combinado con NC-m-MIMO.
Finalmente, estudiamos la viabilidad de multiplexar usuarios en la constelación frente
a usar técnicas clásicas de multiplexación como TDMA. Para caracterizar completamente
el rendimiento del sistema, analizamos la tasa de error de bloque (BLER) y el throughput
de un sistema NC-m-MIMO. Los resultados muestran una ventaja significativa en cuanto
al número de antennas para multiplexar usuarios en la constelación frente al requerido
por TDMA. No obstante, en algunos casos, la demodulación de múltiples usuarios en
la constelación podrÃa requerir un número de antennas excesivamente grande comparado
con la multiplexación en el tiempo. Por ello, es necesario gestionar adecuadamente un
balance entre el throughput y el número de antenas para alcanzar un punto operacional
óptimo, como se muestra en esta Tesis.Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Multimedia y Comunicaciones por la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid y la Universidad Rey Juan CarlosPresidente: Ana Isabel Pérez Neira.- Secretario: Máximo Morales Céspedes.- Vocal: MarÃa del Carmen Aguayo Torre
Achievable rates of iterative MIMO receivers over interference channels
In this thesis, we study the achievable rates of some interference communication schemes when iterative interference-cancellation (IC) is applied. We assume multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication employing iterative receivers with linear front-ends which involves two modules concatenated serially and cooperating iteratively; a linear combiner based on minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) detection or maximal-ratio-combining (MRC) and a SISO decoder. We investigate the achievable rates of this receiver when the transmitted signal is Gaussian-distributed with hypothetical erasure-type feedback from the decoder to the combiner and a more practical case with large-size QAM constellations with log-likelihood-ratios (LLRs) being exchanged between the receiver's modules. The achievable rate is approximated by the area below the EXIT curve of the linear FE receiver. Some properties have been observed and mathematically been proved about the iterative MIMO receivers with linear front-end
Design of a simulation platform to test next generation of terrestrial DVB
Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting (DTTB) is a member of our daily life
routine, and nonetheless, according to new users’ necessities in the fields of
communications and leisure, new challenges are coming up. Moreover, the current Standard is not able to satisfy all the potential requirements.
For that reason, first of all, a review of the current Standard has been performed
within this work. Then, it has been identified the needing of developing a new
version of the standard, ready to support enhanced services, as for example
broadcasting transmissions to moving terminals or High Definition Television
(HDTV) transmissions, among others.
The main objective of this project is the design and development of a physical
layer simulator of the whole DVB-T standard, including both the complete transmission and reception procedures. The simulator has been developed in Matlab. A detailed description of the simulator both from a functional and an architectural point of view is included. The simulator is the base for testing any
possible modifications that may be included into the DVB-T2 future standard. In fact, several proposed enhancements have already been carried out and their performance has been evaluated. Specifically, the use of higher order modulation schemes, and the corresponding modifications in all the system
blocks, have been included and evaluated. Furthermore, the simulator will allow
testing other enhancements as the use of more efficient encoders and
interleavers, MIMO technologies, and so on.
A complete set of numerical results showing the performance of the different parts of the system, are presented in order to validate the correctness of the implementation and to evaluate both the current standard performance and the
proposed enhancements.
This work has been performed within the context of a project called FURIA,
which is a strategic research project funded by the Spanish Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Commerce. A brief description of this project and its consortium
has been also included herein, together with an introduction to the current situation of the DTTB in Spain (called TDT in Spanish)
Design of a simulation platform to test next generation of terrestrial DVB
Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting (DTTB) is a member of our daily life
routine, and nonetheless, according to new users’ necessities in the fields of
communications and leisure, new challenges are coming up. Moreover, the current Standard is not able to satisfy all the potential requirements.
For that reason, first of all, a review of the current Standard has been performed
within this work. Then, it has been identified the needing of developing a new
version of the standard, ready to support enhanced services, as for example
broadcasting transmissions to moving terminals or High Definition Television
(HDTV) transmissions, among others.
The main objective of this project is the design and development of a physical
layer simulator of the whole DVB-T standard, including both the complete transmission and reception procedures. The simulator has been developed in Matlab. A detailed description of the simulator both from a functional and an architectural point of view is included. The simulator is the base for testing any
possible modifications that may be included into the DVB-T2 future standard. In fact, several proposed enhancements have already been carried out and their performance has been evaluated. Specifically, the use of higher order modulation schemes, and the corresponding modifications in all the system
blocks, have been included and evaluated. Furthermore, the simulator will allow
testing other enhancements as the use of more efficient encoders and
interleavers, MIMO technologies, and so on.
A complete set of numerical results showing the performance of the different parts of the system, are presented in order to validate the correctness of the implementation and to evaluate both the current standard performance and the
proposed enhancements.
This work has been performed within the context of a project called FURIA,
which is a strategic research project funded by the Spanish Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Commerce. A brief description of this project and its consortium
has been also included herein, together with an introduction to the current situation of the DTTB in Spain (called TDT in Spanish)
NASA Tech Briefs, January 2004
Topics covered include: Multisensor Instrument for Real-Time Biological Monitoring; Sensor for Monitoring Nanodevice-Fabrication Plasmas; Backed Bending Actuator; Compact Optoelectronic Compass; Micro Sun Sensor for Spacecraft; Passive IFF: Autonomous Nonintrusive Rapid Identification of Friendly Assets; Finned-Ladder Slow-Wave Circuit for a TWT; Directional Radio-Frequency Identification Tag Reader; Integrated Solar-Energy-Harvesting and -Storage Device; Event-Driven Random-Access-Windowing CCD Imaging System; Stroboscope Controller for Imaging Helicopter Rotors; Software for Checking State-charts; Program Predicts Broadband Noise from a Turbofan Engine; Protocol for a Delay-Tolerant Data-Communication Network; Software Implements a Space-Mission File-Transfer Protocol; Making Carbon-Nanotube Arrays Using Block Copolymers: Part 2; Modular Rake of Pitot Probes; Preloading To Accelerate Slow-Crack-Growth Testing; Miniature Blimps for Surveillance and Collection of Samples; Hybrid Automotive Engine Using Ethanol-Burning Miller Cycle; Fabricating Blazed Diffraction Gratings by X-Ray Lithography; Freeze-Tolerant Condensers; The StarLight Space Interferometer; Champagne Heat Pump; Controllable Sonar Lenses and Prisms Based on ERFs; Measuring Gravitation Using Polarization Spectroscopy; Serial-Turbo-Trellis-Coded Modulation with Rate-1 Inner Code; Enhanced Software for Scheduling Space-Shuttle Processing; Bayesian-Augmented Identification of Stars in a Narrow View; Spacecraft Orbits for Earth/Mars-Lander Radio Relay; and Self-Inflatable/Self-Rigidizable Reflectarray Antenna
Source-channel coding for robust image transmission and for dirty-paper coding
In this dissertation, we studied two seemingly uncorrelated, but conceptually
related problems in terms of source-channel coding: 1) wireless image transmission
and 2) Costa ("dirty-paper") code design.
In the first part of the dissertation, we consider progressive image transmission
over a wireless system employing space-time coded OFDM. The space-time coded
OFDM system based on a newly built broadband MIMO fading model is theoretically
evaluated by assuming perfect channel state information (CSI) at the receiver for
coherent detection. Then an adaptive modulation scheme is proposed to pick the
constellation size that offers the best reconstructed image quality for each average
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
A more practical scenario is also considered without the assumption of perfect
CSI. We employ low-complexity decision-feedback decoding for differentially space-
time coded OFDM systems to exploit transmitter diversity. For JSCC, we adopt a
product channel code structure that is proven to provide powerful error protection and
bursty error correction. To further improve the system performance, we also apply
the powerful iterative (turbo) coding techniques and propose the iterative decoding
of differentially space-time coded multiple descriptions of images.
The second part of the dissertation deals with practical dirty-paper code designs. We first invoke an information-theoretical interpretation of algebraic binning and
motivate the code design guidelines in terms of source-channel coding. Then two
dirty-paper code designs are proposed. The first is a nested turbo construction based
on soft-output trellis-coded quantization (SOTCQ) for source coding and turbo trellis-
coded modulation (TTCM) for channel coding. A novel procedure is devised to
balance the dimensionalities of the equivalent lattice codes corresponding to SOTCQ
and TTCM. The second dirty-paper code design employs TCQ and IRA codes for
near-capacity performance. This is done by synergistically combining TCQ with IRA
codes so that they work together as well as they do individually. Our TCQ/IRA
design approaches the dirty-paper capacity limit at the low rate regime (e.g., < 1:0
bit/sample), while our nested SOTCQ/TTCM scheme provides the best performs so
far at medium-to-high rates (e.g., >= 1:0 bit/sample). Thus the two proposed practical
code designs are complementary to each other
- …