Live and Dead Cells Counting from Microscopic Trypan Blue Staining Images using Thresholding and Morphological Operation Techniques

Cell counting is a required procedure in biomedical experiments and drug testing. Manual cell counting performed with a hemocytometer is time consuming and individual dependence. This study reportedthe development of a computer-assisted program for trypan blue stained-cell counting using digital image analysis. Images of trypan blue-stained breast cancer cells line were obtained by a microscope with a digital camera. Undesired noise and debris were removed by applying a guided image filter. Color space HSV (Hue, Saturation and Value)conversion and grayscale conversion were performed for distinguishing between live and dead cells.  Image thresholding and morphological operators were applied for image segmentation. Live and dead cells were counted after image segmentation and the results were compared with manual counting by three well-experienced counters. The computer-assisted cell counting from thirty-six trypan blue-stained microscopic images had a high correlation coefficient with the live cell results of the experts (r=0.99). The correlation coefficient of the number of dead cells comparing the computer-assisted count and the experts’ count was 0.74. Our approach offers high accuracy (>85%)on counting live cells compared with the experts’ counting. This automated cell counting approach can assist biomedical researchers for both live and dead cells counting

Advances in Intelligent Vehicle Control

This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue Advances in Intelligent Vehicle Control that was published in the journal Sensors. It presents a collection of eleven papers that covers a range of topics, such as the development of intelligent control algorithms for active safety systems, smart sensors, and intelligent and efficient driving. The contributions presented in these papers can serve as useful tools for researchers who are interested in new vehicle technology and in the improvement of vehicle control systems

Simplified electric vehicle powertrain modelling

Rapid development and adoption of electric vehicle technology has driven the requirement for simplified powertrain models. In this thesis, a simplified electric vehicle powertrain (SEVP) model, which calculates energy consumption for a battery electric vehicle (BEV) based on the minimum number of published vehicle parameters, is presented. The SEVP utilises published coast-down coefficients to model the tractive force and simplifies the traction motor model by using a surface-mounted permanent (SPM) motor. The SEVP is benchmarked for energy consumption estimation, with two industry-standard vehicle simulators, ADVISOR and FASTSim. The comparison is enabled by combining all three simulators in a single MATLAB model, which permits the interchange of the individual powertrain component models and establishes their impact on the cumulative energy consumption in a drive cycle. The three simulators are validated for ten BEVs using dynamometer test data from Argonne National Laboratory. Energy consumption estimation deficiencies of the SEVP are addressed by; (i) a simple cabin thermal load model, and (ii) including machine saturation and flux weakening in the SPM model. For electrical circuit simulation, the ideal battery model of the SEVP was expanded to include a Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery pack model and the SPM motor was replaced with a more complex internal permanent magnet (IPM) design. In the Li-ion model, the output voltage is a function of the depth of discharge and a simple ageing function is included to estimate battery capacity over the lifetime of the vehicle. A comparison of the choice of internal impedance network on the dynamic performance of the battery model is conducted. The IPM motor model parameters are derived based on finite element analysis (FEA) of five traction motor designs, rated from 50 kW to 165 kW. The FEA models are validated based on test data from Oakridge National Laboratory. Finally, an energy management strategy (EMS) for a fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) is proposed. The EMS minimises the fuel consumption and the overall operating costs. Prerequisites for achievement of the minimum overall operating costs are minimising the battery and the fuel cell degradation

Performance and Safety Enhancement Strategies in Vehicle Dynamics and Ground Contact

Recent trends in vehicle engineering are testament to the great efforts that scientists and industries have made to seek solutions to enhance both the performance and safety of vehicular systems. This Special Issue aims to contribute to the study of modern vehicle dynamics, attracting recent experimental and in-simulation advances that are the basis for current technological growth and future mobility. The area involves research, studies, and projects derived from vehicle dynamics that aim to enhance vehicle performance in terms of handling, comfort, and adherence, and to examine safety optimization in the emerging contexts of smart, connected, and autonomous driving.This Special Issue focuses on new findings in the following topics:(1) Experimental and modelling activities that aim to investigate interaction phenomena from the macroscale, analyzing vehicle data, to the microscale, accounting for local contact mechanics; (2) Control strategies focused on vehicle performance enhancement, in terms of handling/grip, comfort and safety for passengers, motorsports, and future mobility scenarios; (3) Innovative technologies to improve the safety and performance of the vehicle and its subsystems; (4) Identification of vehicle and tire/wheel model parameters and status with innovative methodologies and algorithms; (5) Implementation of real-time software, logics, and models in onboard architectures and driving simulators; (6) Studies and analyses oriented toward the correlation among the factors affecting vehicle performance and safety; (7) Application use cases in road and off-road vehicles, e-bikes, motorcycles, buses, trucks, etc

New trends in electrical vehicle powertrains

The electric vehicle and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle play a fundamental role in the forthcoming new paradigms of mobility and energy models. The electrification of the transport sector would lead to advantages in terms of energy efficiency and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, but would also be a great opportunity for the introduction of renewable sources in the electricity sector. The chapters in this book show a diversity of current and new developments in the electrification of the transport sector seen from the electric vehicle point of view: first, the related technologies with design, control and supervision, second, the powertrain electric motor efficiency and reliability and, third, the deployment issues regarding renewable sources integration and charging facilities. This is precisely the purpose of this book, that is, to contribute to the literature about current research and development activities related to new trends in electric vehicle power trains.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Battery Systems and Energy Storage beyond 2020

Currently, the transition from using the combustion engine to electrified vehicles is a matter of time and drives the demand for compact, high-energy-density rechargeable lithium ion batteries as well as for large stationary batteries to buffer solar and wind energy. The future challenges, e.g., the decarbonization of the CO2-intensive transportation sector, will push the need for such batteries even more. The cost of lithium ion batteries has become competitive in the last few years, and lithium ion batteries are expected to dominate the battery market in the next decade. However, despite remarkable progress, there is still a strong need for improvements in the performance of lithium ion batteries. Further improvements are not only expected in the field of electrochemistry but can also be readily achieved by improved manufacturing methods, diagnostic algorithms, lifetime prediction methods, the implementation of artificial intelligence, and digital twins. Therefore, this Special Issue addresses the progress in battery and energy storage development by covering areas that have been less focused on, such as digitalization, advanced cell production, modeling, and prediction aspects in concordance with progress in new materials and pack design solutions