A study of the applicability of software-defined networking in industrial networks

173 p.Las redes industriales interconectan sensores y actuadores para llevar a cabo funciones de monitorización, control y protección en diferentes entornos, tales como sistemas de transporte o sistemas de automatización industrial. Estos sistemas ciberfísicos generalmente están soportados por múltiples redes de datos, ya sean cableadas o inalámbricas, a las cuales demandan nuevas prestaciones, de forma que el control y gestión de tales redes deben estar acoplados a las condiciones del propio sistema industrial. De este modo, aparecen requisitos relacionados con la flexibilidad, mantenibilidad y adaptabilidad, al mismo tiempo que las restricciones de calidad de servicio no se vean afectadas. Sin embargo, las estrategias de control de red tradicionales generalmente no se adaptan eficientemente a entornos cada vez más dinámicos y heterogéneos.Tras definir un conjunto de requerimientos de red y analizar las limitaciones de las soluciones actuales, se deduce que un control provisto independientemente de los propios dispositivos de red añadiría flexibilidad a dichas redes. Por consiguiente, la presente tesis explora la aplicabilidad de las redes definidas por software (Software-Defined Networking, SDN) en sistemas de automatización industrial. Para llevar a cabo este enfoque, se ha tomado como caso de estudio las redes de automatización basadas en el estándar IEC 61850, el cual es ampliamente usado en el diseño de las redes de comunicaciones en sistemas de distribución de energía, tales como las subestaciones eléctricas. El estándar IEC 61850 define diferentes servicios y protocolos con altos requisitos en terminos de latencia y disponibilidad de la red, los cuales han de ser satisfechos mediante técnicas de ingeniería de tráfico. Como resultado, aprovechando la flexibilidad y programabilidad ofrecidas por las redes definidas por software, en esta tesis se propone una arquitectura de control basada en el protocolo OpenFlow que, incluyendo tecnologías de gestión y monitorización de red, permite establecer políticas de tráfico acorde a su prioridad y al estado de la red.Además, las subestaciones eléctricas son un ejemplo representativo de infraestructura crítica, que son aquellas en las que un fallo puede resultar en graves pérdidas económicas, daños físicos y materiales. De esta forma, tales sistemas deben ser extremadamente seguros y robustos, por lo que es conveniente la implementación de topologías redundantes que ofrezcan un tiempo de reacción ante fallos mínimo. Con tal objetivo, el estándar IEC 62439-3 define los protocolos Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP) y High-availability Seamless Redundancy (HSR), los cuales garantizan un tiempo de recuperación nulo en caso de fallo mediante la redundancia activa de datos en redes Ethernet. Sin embargo, la gestión de redes basadas en PRP y HSR es estática e inflexible, lo que, añadido a la reducción de ancho de banda debida la duplicación de datos, hace difícil un control eficiente de los recursos disponibles. En dicho sentido, esta tesis propone control de la redundancia basado en el paradigma SDN para un aprovechamiento eficiente de topologías malladas, al mismo tiempo que se garantiza la disponibilidad de las aplicaciones de control y monitorización. En particular, se discute cómo el protocolo OpenFlow permite a un controlador externo configurar múltiples caminos redundantes entre dispositivos con varias interfaces de red, así como en entornos inalámbricos. De esta forma, los servicios críticos pueden protegerse en situaciones de interferencia y movilidad.La evaluación de la idoneidad de las soluciones propuestas ha sido llevada a cabo, principalmente, mediante la emulación de diferentes topologías y tipos de tráfico. Igualmente, se ha estudiado analítica y experimentalmente cómo afecta a la latencia el poder reducir el número de saltos en las comunicaciones con respecto al uso de un árbol de expansión, así como balancear la carga en una red de nivel 2. Además, se ha realizado un análisis de la mejora de la eficiencia en el uso de los recursos de red y la robustez alcanzada con la combinación de los protocolos PRP y HSR con un control llevado a cabo mediante OpenFlow. Estos resultados muestran que el modelo SDN podría mejorar significativamente las prestaciones de una red industrial de misión crítica

Análise de redes de comunicação sem fio para aplicações industriais

TCC(graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro Tecnológico. Engenharia Eletrônica.A automação de processos industriais com redes sem fio tem recebido grande atenção e interesse nos últimos anos devido às suas vantagens de baixo custo e alta flexibilidade sobre as redes com fio tradicionais. Redes de sensores sem fio industrial tem um grande potencial para melhorar o monitoramento e controle de vários processos e equipamentos em automação distribuída e sistemas por causa dos avanços em redes sem fio. Este trabalho discute diversas tecnologias para aplicação na indústria, desde monitoramento, controle de processos e transferência de dados. São descritas e explicadas tecnologias para uso em ambientes industriais, como ZigBee, WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15, redes LTE (4G) e 5G. São elencados também os principais problemas encontrados em uma instalação de rede de sensores sem fio em indústrias, assim como o ciclo de implementação de uma rede e feito uma comparação entre protocolos de comunicação e capacidade de resolver os problemas e obstáculos para se implementar uma rede de sensores em ambiente industrial. Com isso, é apresentado uma matriz com os resultados e as comparações das tecnologias discutidasAutomation with wireless networks has received a lot of interest in recent years due to its low cost advantages and high flexibility over traditional wired networks. Industrial wireless sensor networks have great potential to improve the monitoring and control of various processes and equipment in distributed automation and systems because of advances in wireless networks. This work discusses several technologies for application in the industry, from monitoring, process control and data transfer. Technologies for use in industrial environments are described and explained, such as ZigBee, WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15, LTE (4G) and 5G networks. Also listed are the main problems found in a wireless sensor network installation in industries, as well as the implementation cycle of a network. A comparison is made between communication protocols and the ability to solve problems and obstacles in order to implement a sensor network in an industrial environment. Thus, a matrix is presented with the results and comparisons of the technologies discusse

Desempenho de Topologias de Redes de Comunicações aplicado ao monitoramento de Sistema Elétrico de Potência simulado em tempo real.

Esta tese apresenta a integração de um sistema elétrico de potencia simulado em tempo real a um programa externo caracterizando uma aplicação de monitoramento do perfil de tensão eficaz em um centro de controle do sistema elétrico. É apresentada uma breve descrição do conceito de redes elétricas inteligentes que visa a integração de diferentes aplicações ao legado e tradicional sistema elétrico de potencia, dando enfoque quanto a diferentes requisitos de desempenho disponibilizados pela literatura. Ao contrário do gerenciamento tradicional e unidirecional do fluxo de potência, as redes elétricas inteligentes apresentam novas formas de geração e modelos de negócios que obrigatoriamente dependem de uma infraestrutura de comunicação que contemple não somente os grandes geradores, linhas de transmissão e subestações de interconexão, mas também permita controle de cargas individuais de consumidores. Diferentes topologias e tecnologias de telecomunicações podem ser empregadas pelo setor elétrico e nesta tese foram empregadas tecnologias disponíveis aos consumidores de telecomunicações tradicionais de forma a integrar um simulador hospedado no CERIn e uma aplicação que pode empregar acesso a rede de dados interna ou externa à infraestrutura do CERIn. Para cada requisição enviada em diferentes redes e distancias pela aplicação externa, é monitorado o tempo de comunicação para se analisar quais das aplicações para redes elétricas inteligentes apresentadas no corpo desta tese é adequada e também definir parâmetros mais restritos quanto ao atraso admissível para diferentes aplicações

Distributed Power Generation Scheduling, Modelling and Expansion Planning

Distributed generation is becoming more important in electrical power systems due to the decentralization of energy production. Within this new paradigm, new approaches for the operation and planning of distributed power generation are yet to be explored. This book deals with distributed energy resources, such as renewable-based distributed generators and energy storage units, among others, considering their operation, scheduling, and planning. Moreover, other interesting aspects such as demand response, electric vehicles, aggregators, and microgrid are also analyzed. All these aspects constitute a new paradigm that is explored in this Special Issue

Designing A Modern Substation To Minimise Cost And Time During Future Upgrades

The Northern Cape Operating Unit in South Africa is experiencing load growth, due to residential developments, high electrification growth, agriculture and mining. The rural areas were previously not given sufficient attention, a result of slow developmental growth. The current 66 kV network experiences low voltages, under n-1 contingencies. The existing 66 kV network has no spare capacity to supply new customers. For additional capacity, Eskom should upgrade its distribution network from 66 kV to 132 kV. Eskom further upgrades their substations, due to equipment reaching their functional lifespans. The cost to maintain equipment regularly is high. Old apparatus interrupts security and continuity of supply to customers regularly. The challenge with substation upgrades, on existing substations, is the cost involved to upgrade the 66 kV substations to 132 kV. Before substation, upgrades may take place. New and existing consumers who require additional capacity are not connected, due to capacity constraints in existing substations. Older protection schemes do not possess any data storage facilities, to be utilised during fault investigations. Phase one protection schemes solely retain the flag of the previous incident, which is not adequate when investigating faults for extended periods. During substation upgrades, continuity of supply to existing customers is necessary to improve customer satisfaction and network performance. Electricity is generated and distributed instantaneously, by electricity utilities. There is occasionally an enormous amount of wasted capacity in electricity utilities. Illegal connections contribute to overloads and trips, as the network is carrying more users than initially designed. It is particularly critical to assess the economic practicability of BESS for diverse applications. The costs of energy storage systems, depend on the type of technology, the planned operation, and the hours of storage required. This dissertation further proposed a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) design, which leads to a costly network upgrade deferral and increased self-consumption. BESS reduces environmental pollution (Environmentally friendly), reduces consumer electricity prices (Creating value for customers), provides reliable back up supply, improve network performance and create sufficient capacity on the medium voltage network. This dissertation compared different substation designs and the most cost-effective design, when upgrading modern substations, were preferred. The modern substation design reduced the complexity of substation upgrades, reduced substation upgrade expenses and improved network performance. Furthermore, the preferred modern substation upgrade designs had the lowest influence on network performance, during construction. The high voltage and medium voltage systems were reliable for n-1 contingencies. Finally, the same Control Plant schemes and cabling were re-used during substation upgrades. Design, apparatus and construction expenses of a standard 66/22 kV, 40 MVA substation, were approximately R 39,946,427. The decommissioning cost of an existing 66/22 kV substation was approximately R18,540,602, per substation. The decommissioning cost escalated the cost to upgrade an existing 66/22 kV substation to R 58,487,029. The minimum energy storage system cost was approximately R4,931,500 for a 1 MW power conversion system and R4,931,500, for a 1 MWh battery system. The modern substation designs, including upgrade costs, reduced capital expenditure and operational expenditure to R 43,169,816, during substation upgrades. Substation upgrade cost comparison was to calculate the most cost-effective design for substation upgrades, when upgrading high voltage networks or deferring substation upgrades

Wide-Area Situation Awareness based on a Secure Interconnection between Cyber-Physical Control Systems

Posteriormente, examinamos e identificamos los requisitos especiales que limitan el diseño y la operación de una arquitectura de interoperabilidad segura para los SSC (particularmente los SCCF) del smart grid. Nos enfocamos en modelar requisitos no funcionales que dan forma a esta infraestructura, siguiendo la metodología NFR para extraer requisitos esenciales, técnicas para la satisfacción de los requisitos y métricas para nuestro modelo arquitectural. Estudiamos los servicios necesarios para la interoperabilidad segura de los SSC del SG revisando en profundidad los mecanismos de seguridad, desde los servicios básicos hasta los procedimientos avanzados capaces de hacer frente a las amenazas sofisticadas contra los sistemas de control, como son los sistemas de detección, protección y respuesta ante intrusiones. Nuestro análisis se divide en diferentes áreas: prevención, consciencia y reacción, y restauración; las cuales general un modelo de seguridad robusto para la protección de los sistemas críticos. Proporcionamos el diseño para un modelo arquitectural para la interoperabilidad segura y la interconexión de los SCCF del smart grid. Este escenario contempla la interconectividad de una federación de proveedores de energía del SG, que interactúan a través de la plataforma de interoperabilidad segura para gestionar y controlar sus infraestructuras de forma cooperativa. La plataforma tiene en cuenta las características inherentes y los nuevos servicios y tecnologías que acompañan al movimiento de la Industria 4.0. Por último, presentamos una prueba de concepto de nuestro modelo arquitectural, el cual ayuda a validar el diseño propuesto a través de experimentaciones. Creamos un conjunto de casos de validación que prueban algunas de las funcionalidades principales ofrecidas por la arquitectura diseñada para la interoperabilidad segura, proporcionando información sobre su rendimiento y capacidades.Las infraestructuras críticas (IICC) modernas son vastos sistemas altamente complejos, que precisan del uso de las tecnologías de la información para gestionar, controlar y monitorizar el funcionamiento de estas infraestructuras. Debido a sus funciones esenciales, la protección y seguridad de las infraestructuras críticas y, por tanto, de sus sistemas de control, se ha convertido en una tarea prioritaria para las diversas instituciones gubernamentales y académicas a nivel mundial. La interoperabilidad de las IICC, en especial de sus sistemas de control (SSC), se convierte en una característica clave para que estos sistemas sean capaces de coordinarse y realizar tareas de control y seguridad de forma cooperativa. El objetivo de esta tesis se centra, por tanto, en proporcionar herramientas para la interoperabilidad segura de los diferentes SSC, especialmente los sistemas de control ciber-físicos (SCCF), de forma que se potencie la intercomunicación y coordinación entre ellos para crear un entorno en el que las diversas infraestructuras puedan realizar tareas de control y seguridad cooperativas, creando una plataforma de interoperabilidad segura capaz de dar servicio a diversas IICC, en un entorno de consciencia situacional (del inglés situational awareness) de alto espectro o área (wide-area). Para ello, en primer lugar, revisamos las amenazas de carácter más sofisticado que amenazan la operación de los sistemas críticos, particularmente enfocándonos en los ciberataques camuflados (del inglés stealth) que amenazan los sistemas de control de infraestructuras críticas como el smart grid. Enfocamos nuestra investigación al análisis y comprensión de este nuevo tipo de ataques que aparece contra los sistemas críticos, y a las posibles contramedidas y herramientas para mitigar los efectos de estos ataques

Analysis and design of security mechanisms in the context of Advanced Persistent Threats against critical infrastructures

Industry 4.0 can be defined as the digitization of all components within the industry, by combining productive processes with leading information and communication technologies. Whereas this integration has several benefits, it has also facilitated the emergence of several attack vectors. These can be leveraged to perpetrate sophisticated attacks such as an Advanced Persistent Threat (APT), that ultimately disrupts and damages critical infrastructural operations with a severe impact. This doctoral thesis aims to study and design security mechanisms capable of detecting and tracing APTs to ensure the continuity of the production line. Although the basic tools to detect individual attack vectors of an APT have already been developed, it is important to integrate holistic defense solutions in existing critical infrastructures that are capable of addressing all potential threats. Additionally, it is necessary to prospectively analyze the requirements that these systems have to satisfy after the integration of novel services in the upcoming years. To fulfill these goals, we define a framework for the detection and traceability of APTs in Industry 4.0, which is aimed to fill the gap between classic security mechanisms and APTs. The premise is to retrieve data about the production chain at all levels to correlate events in a distributed way, enabling the traceability of an APT throughout its entire life cycle. Ultimately, these mechanisms make it possible to holistically detect and anticipate attacks in a timely and autonomous way, to deter the propagation and minimize their impact. As a means to validate this framework, we propose some correlation algorithms that implement it (such as the Opinion Dynamics solution) and carry out different experiments that compare the accuracy of response techniques that take advantage of these traceability features. Similarly, we conduct a study on the feasibility of these detection systems in various Industry 4.0 scenarios

Real-time wireless networks for industrial control systems

The next generation of industrial systems (Industry 4.0) will dramatically transform manyproductive sectors, integrating emerging concepts such as Internet of Things, artificialintelligence, big data, cloud robotics and virtual reality, to name a few. Most of thesetechnologies heavily rely on the availability of communication networks able to offernearly–istantaneous, secure and reliable data transfer. In the industrial sector, these tasks are nowadays mainly accomplished by wired networks, that combine the speed ofoptical fiber media with collision–free switching technology. However, driven by the pervasive deployment of mobile devices for personal com-munications in the last years, more and more industrial applications require wireless connectivity, which can bring enormous advantages in terms of cost reduction and flex-ibility. Designing timely, reliable and deterministic industrial wireless networks is a complicated task, due to the nature of the wireless channel, intrinsically error–prone andshared among all the devices transmitting on the same frequency band. In this thesis, several solutions to enhance the performance of wireless networks employed in industrial control applications are proposed. The presented approaches differ in terms of achieved performance and target applications, but they are all characterized by an improvement over existing industrial wireless solutions in terms of timeliness, reliability and determinism. When possible, an experimental validation of the designed solutions is provided. The obtained results prove that significant performance improvements are already possible, often using commercially available devices and preserving compliance to existing standards. Future research efforts, combined with the availability of new chipsets and standards, could lead to a world where wireless links effectively replace most of the existing cables in industrial environments, as it is already the case in the consumer market

Kommunikation und Bildverarbeitung in der Automation

In diesem Open-Access-Tagungsband sind die besten Beiträge des 9. Jahreskolloquiums "Kommunikation in der Automation" (KommA 2018) und des 6. Jahreskolloquiums "Bildverarbeitung in der Automation" (BVAu 2018) enthalten. Die Kolloquien fanden am 20. und 21. November 2018 in der SmartFactoryOWL, einer gemeinsamen Einrichtung des Fraunhofer IOSB-INA und der Technischen Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe statt. Die vorgestellten neuesten Forschungsergebnisse auf den Gebieten der industriellen Kommunikationstechnik und Bildverarbeitung erweitern den aktuellen Stand der Forschung und Technik. Die in den Beiträgen enthaltenen anschaulichen Beispiele aus dem Bereich der Automation setzen die Ergebnisse in den direkten Anwendungsbezug

Enhancing the efficiency of electricity utilization through home energy management systems within the smart grid framework

The concept behind smart grids is the aggregation of “intelligence” into the grid, whether through communication systems technologies that allow broadcast/data reception in real-time, or through monitoring and systems control in an autonomous way. With respect to the technological advancements, in recent years there has been a significant increment in devices and new strategies for the implementation of smart buildings/homes, due to the growing awareness of society in relation to environmental concerns and higher energy costs, so that energy efficiency improvements can provide real gains within modern society. In this perspective, the end-users are seen as active players with the ability to manage their energy resources, for example, microproduction units, domestic loads, electric vehicles and their participation in demand response events. This thesis is focused on identifying application areas where such technologies could bring benefits for their applicability, such as the case of wireless networks, considering the positive and negative points of each protocol available in the market. Moreover, this thesis provides an evaluation of dynamic prices of electricity and peak power, using as an example a system with electric vehicles and energy storage, supported by mixed-integer linear programming, within residential energy management. This thesis will also develop a power measuring prototype designed to process and determine the main electrical measurements and quantify the electrical load connected to a low voltage alternating current system. Finally, two cases studies are proposed regarding the application of model predictive control and thermal regulation for domestic applications with cooling requirements, allowing to minimize energy consumption, considering the restrictions of demand, load and acclimatization in the system