Tourism and transport in New Zealand : implications for energy use

Securing and conserving our long term future is the number one objective of the recently released New Zealand Tourism Strategy (2001). Previous research showed that an essential impediment to achieving sustainable tourism is the heavy use of transport by tourists and the environmental impacts resulting from this travel (Müller, 1992; Gössling, 2000). The associated energy use is a major concern, since it does not only undermine the goal of efficient resource use as outlined by the New Zealand Tourism Strategy 2010, but it also contributes to the failure of New Zealand in achieving its goals set by the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. This report discusses previous research in this field, describes the present transport sector’s greenhouse gas emissions in New Zealand, discusses the supply of tourism transport infrastructure, and provided senergy intensities of main New Zealand transport modes. Different transport modes are hypothetically juxtaposed on an analysis of a journey from Christchurch to Dunedin. Suggestions for reducing transport energy use are discussed. Clearly, to achieve the stakes set by both the Tourism (Tourism Strategy Group, 2001) and the Energy Strategy (Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority [EECA], 2001), transport of tourists plays a critical role

Transatlantic Relations as a Catalyst to European Integration: The Activism of the European Commission in the Case of International Aviation

On November 5, 2002, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) handed down a series of judgments against eight European Union (EU) Member States concerning the bilateral air service agreements between the Member States and the United States (U.S.). Brought to the ECJ by the European Commission in 1998, the ruling concerned the competence division between the EU Member States and the European Commission in the area of international air transport. While the Member States traditionally have exclusive authority over international air service negotiations, the European Union had gained considerable competence over internal aviation matters during the integration of the European aviation market in the 1990's. While the ruling maintained that the Member States had exclusive competence over external air transport negotiations, it did find several items negotiated in those agreements in conflict with the provisions of the European Communities (EC) Treaty. The so-called “nationality clause” negotiated in the air service agreements, it argued, is, in principle, a community competence, as are articles relating to computer reservation systems and intra-EU tariffs in “open skies” agreements. [First paragraph

Low-cost carriers in Japan : challenges and paths to success - using a corporate simulation model for empirical analysis

Thesis (S.M. in Management of Technology)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Vita.Includes bibliographical references (p. 195-205).This paper analyzes the causes behind the sluggishness of new airlines, low cost carriers (LCCs), in Japan. The object is to identify and to recommend innovative policy changes and ideas for the industry, by analyzing the condition and the development of management policy for the establishment of new airline companies and regulatory reforms. The traditional airline companies all over the world have been struggling with the changes in current market. With the global deregulation movement on the airline industry in the 1980s, LCCs have established their business very rapidly. Following this global trend, two new airlines started in Japan in the late 1990s, but the market had not been active for a long time. It is only recently that other new LCCs started servicing the Japanese market, while the deployment of LCCs has become very active and successful in North America, Europe, and Asian countries except Japan. First, this thesis focuses on the analysis of critical successful factors in the foreign market. Then this thesis examines the condition and business environmental issues that make the foreign LCC business model not so effective in the Japanese market. Second, with the consideration of the previous section, the successful LCC business model is introduced and is verified using a variety of simulations including the financial simulation using the corporate model and risk analysis using the Monte Carlo Method. These two sets of analytical results are put together for applying to other areas such as policy making, regulations, and market structural changes. Furthermore, the paper comes up with six critical points for the management policies of new airline companies: 1) Promotion of higher productivity and lower cost; 2) Appropriate airfare and the fare structures; 3) Appropriate routes selections and the number of flights; 4) Proactive utilization of secondary airports; 5) Penetration to the air cargo market; and 6) Availability of sufficient fund for supporting the preparation and establishment of a new entity. Traditionally, the government has tightly regulated the aviation industry in Japan. In order to consider and to deploy the LCC business establishment conditions, the analysis of government policies is becoming the key element. Integrating the results of the policy analysis and simulations analysis, this research recommends the following criteria. Elimination and changes of regulations and management structures, that may restrict the free competition and the management freedom of the new entities, are essential. From the perspective of aviation policy and the promotion of competition, the following requirements must be fulfilled in order to achieve these goals: 1) Converting the form of the market intervention methods on market structural restriction from proactive to reactive; 2) Elimination of the government control of the airports demands adjustment of both domestic and international routes, the foreign funds, and the cabotage restriction; and 3) Establishment of new airport policies for promoting more active use of secondary airports. These findings will help promoting the healthy growth of the airline industry in Japan. Activities of consumers, airline companies, and the government will be revitalized and be benefited as a result.by Sayaka Shiotani.S.M.in Management of Technolog

An analysis of the price competitiveness of South Africa as an international tourist destination

Thesis (M. Tech.) - Central University of Technology, Free State, 2006Since the earliest days, people have travelled. Not only was it time consuming, limited and only for the rich, but it was not necessarily a pleasure. Since those early days, travel and tourism has developed to such an extent that it has become one of the major industries in the world, providing the tourist with amongst others technologically advanced air transportation, luxury resorts and a variety of experiences and attractions at many different destinations. The major developments in air transportation have opened up many opportunities, but it has also placed most destinations within easy reach of the tourist, as most destinations have become more accessible. This automatically led to increased competitiveness between different destinations, both locally and internationally. Competitiveness of the destination may be based on a variety of contributing factors such as its scenic beauty, the variety of attractions offered, natural resources, the accessibility, the host population, availability and quality of infrastructure, diseases, flight availability and frequency, seasons and many other factors. However, a destination will never become the most popular or most visited one if the tourist cannot afford to visit it. Price undoubtedly plays a very important role in the decision-making process of the tourist when choosing a destination. The prices at any destination are influenced by a variety of internal and external factors which, in the end, has a direct influence of the actual travel cost of the tourist. This study focuses on South Africa’s price competitiveness as an international destination. The major travel components or products that an international tourist will spend money on during his/her visit to South Africa are international flights, accommodation, attractions and food and beverages. The prices of these components were compared to similar products of Thailand and Australia, which have previously been identified by SA Tourism as South Africa’s major competitors. The focus of the research is therefore on the expenditure patterns, price perceptions and the tourists’ perception of whether or not they perceived South Africa’s tourism products to be affordable, to offer value for money or not. Perceptions of departing international tourists who have already used these products were tested. Once established, an international travel price index and a hotel price index were formulated for South Africa, which may be used to monitor international tourist expenses. These indices may also be used as indicator of the affordability and price competitiveness of South Africa as a tourist destination. There is not one individual in South Africa that cannot, either by means of direct or indirect revenue, benefit from South Africa being a tourist destination of choice. The opportunities and possibilities created by foreign revenue spent are legio. Hence it comes as no surprise that tourism in South Africa has become the priority of many different role players such as government, commerce, product owners and private industries. As it is difficult for a destination to control the external environment, the destination’s focus should therefore rather be on the factors that it can control or influence to a certain extent. By ensuring that South Africa’s tourism products are competitively priced and offer value for money, one of the major factors that may hamper the growth of South Africa as a destination has been addressed. In economic challenging conditions, the tourist has become more value for money driven than before when choosing a destination. The focus of the research is therefore to establish if South Africa’s tourism product prices are regarded to provide value for money or not to international tourists. The research was divided into two parts: literature and empirical research. The population of this study was foreign tourists to South Africa that have completed their journey and who were questioned in the departure halls of Johannesburg’s Oliver Thambo and Cape Town International airports. An overview of the research results give a general indication that South African tourism products are more expensive than was anticipated by foreign tourists. Seventy five percent of respondents indicated that they paid more for accommodation, air transportation and attractions than they expected to pay. Of the different accommodation types used, the five star luxury hotel accommodations were found to be too expensive whilst other graded accommodation were perceived as being priced fairly, even cheaply. The paid attractions that the respondents visited were, with the exception of the Kruger National Park, all fairly priced. Cape Town was indicated as a city that was perceived to be more expensive that other cities visited by international tourists

\u3ci\u3eThe Symposium Proceedings of the 1998 Air Transport Research Group (ATRG), Volume 3\u3c/i\u3e

UNOAI Report 98-5https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/facultybooks/1157/thumbnail.jp