20 research outputs found

    Elements, Government, and Licensing: Developments in phonology

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    Elements, Government, and Licensing brings together new theoretical and empirical developments in phonology. It covers three principal domains of phonological representation: melody and segmental structure; tone, prosody and prosodic structure; and phonological relations, empty categories, and vowel-zero alternations. Theoretical topics covered include the formalisation of Element Theory, the hotly debated topic of structural recursion in phonology, and the empirical status of government. In addition, a wealth of new analyses and empirical evidence sheds new light on empty categories in phonology, the analysis of certain consonantal sequences, phonological and non-phonological alternation, the elemental composition of segments, and many more. Taking up long-standing empirical and theoretical issues informed by the Government Phonology and Element Theory, this book provides theoretical advances while also bringing to light new empirical evidence and analysis challenging previous generalisations. The insights offered here will be equally exciting for phonologists working on related issues inside and outside the Principles & Parameters programme, such as researchers working in Optimality Theory or classical rule-based phonology

    Evaluation of PD-L1 expression in various formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tumour tissue samples using SP263, SP142 and QR1 antibody clones

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    Background & objectives: Cancer cells can avoid immune destruction through the inhibitory ligand PD-L1. PD-1 is a surface cell receptor, part of the immunoglobulin family. Its ligand PD-L1 is expressed by tumour cells and stromal tumour infltrating lymphocytes (TIL). Methods: Forty-four cancer cases were included in this study (24 triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC), 10 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 10 malignant melanoma cases). Three clones of monoclonal primary antibodies were compared: QR1 (Quartett), SP 142 and SP263 (Ventana). For visualization, ultraView Universal DAB Detection Kit from Ventana was used on an automated platform for immunohistochemical staining Ventana BenchMark GX. Results: Comparing the sensitivity of two different clones on same tissue samples from TNBC, we found that the QR1 clone gave higher percentage of positive cells than clone SP142, but there was no statistically significant difference. Comparing the sensitivity of two different clones on same tissue samples from malignant melanoma, the SP263 clone gave higher percentage of positive cells than the QR1 clone, but again the difference was not statistically significant. Comparing the sensitivity of two different clones on same tissue samples from NSCLC, we found higher percentage of positive cells using the QR1 clone in comparison with the SP142 clone, but once again, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The three different antibody clones from two manufacturers Ventana and Quartett, gave comparable results with no statistically significant difference in staining intensity/ percentage of positive tumour and/or immune cells. Therefore, different PD-L1 clones from different manufacturers can potentially be used to evaluate the PD- L1 status in different tumour tissues. Due to the serious implications of the PD-L1 analysis in further treatment decisions for cancer patients, every antibody clone, staining protocol and evaluation process should be carefully and meticulously validated

    On Reasonable Space and Time Cost Models for the λ-Calculus

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    Slot and van Emde Boas Invariance Thesis states that a time (respectively, space) cost model is reasonable for a computational model C if there are mutual simulations between Turing machines and C such that the overhead is polynomial in time (respectively, linear in space). The rationale is that under the Invariance Thesis, complexity classes such as LOGSPACE, P, PSPACE, become robust, i.e. machine independent. In this dissertation, we want to find out if it possible to define a reasonable space cost model for the lambda-calculus, the paradigmatic model for functional programming languages. We start by considering an unusual evaluation mechanism for the lambda-calculus, based on Girard's Geometry of Interaction, that was conjectured to be the key ingredient to obtain a space reasonable cost model. By a fine complexity analysis of this schema, based on new variants of non-idempotent intersection types, we disprove this conjecture. Then, we change the target of our analysis. We consider a variant over Krivine's abstract machine, a standard evaluation mechanism for the call-by-name lambda-calculus, optimized for space complexity, and implemented without any pointer. A fine analysis of the execution of (a refined version of) the encoding of Turing machines into the lambda-calculus allows us to conclude that the space consumed by this machine is indeed a reasonable space cost model. In particular, for the first time we are able to measure also sub-linear space complexities. Moreover, we transfer this result to the call-by-value case. Finally, we provide also an intersection type system that characterizes compositionally this new reasonable space measure. This is done through a minimal, yet non trivial, modification of the original de Carvalho type system

    Social Work and Sustainable Development Goals: Role of Social Workers in Improving Well-Being for Residents of Nursing Homes in Malaysia

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    The traditional role of social work includes but not limited to addressing issues of inequality, violence, substance abuse, isolation, discrimination and social well-being. The values and principles of the SDG are geared towards the creation of a cohesive and equitable society in a more transformative manner. In addressing social well-being, nursing homes are set up for people who do not need to be hospitalize but cannot be cared for at home. These people are supposed to be managed by professional and skilled nurses, doctors and social workers. As such, this study focuses on the services and advocacy of social workers to help nursing homes achieve an improved sense of well-being. To get relevant data, Google Scholar was used as a tool to access the major databases provided by Tailor and Frances, Emerald, Elsevier, Springer, Sage and others. The study found that the service and advocacy of social workers produce a significant impact on the individuals at nursing homes. The study contributes to knowledge by critically exploring and synthesizing the role of social work in response to welfare services to reduce inequality, enhance good health and wellbeing of the people in nursing homes as indicated in SDGs 3 and 10

    Revisiting the form and function of conflict: Neurobiological, psychological, and cultural mechanisms for attack and defense within and between groups

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    Conflict can profoundly affect individuals and their groups. Oftentimes, conflict involves a clash between one side seeking change and increased gains through victory and the other side defending the status quo and protecting against loss and defeat. However, theory and empirical research largely neglected these conflicts between attackers and defenders, and the strategic, social, and psychological consequences of attack and defense remain poorly understood. To fill this void, we model (1) the clashing of attack and defense as games of strategy and reveal that (2) attack benefits from mismatching its target's level of defense, whereas defense benefits from matching the attacker's competitiveness. This suggests that (3) attack recruits neuroendocrine pathways underlying behavioral activation and overconfidence, whereas defense invokes neural networks for behavioral inhibition, vigilant scanning, and hostile attributions; and that (4) people invest less in attack than defense, and attack often fails. Finally, we propose that (5) in intergroup conflict, out-group attack needs institutional arrangements that motivate and coordinate collective action, whereas in-group defense benefits from endogenously emerging in-group identification. We discuss how games of attack and defense may have shaped human capacities for prosociality and aggression, and how third parties can regulate such conflicts and reduce their waste. Keywords: behavioral game theory; biobehavioral approach–avoidance; coevolution of prosociality and aggression; conflict; conflict intervention; cultural institutions; intergroup relations; psychological adaptations

    Nominal Models of Linear Logic

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    PhD thesisMore than 30 years after the discovery of linear logic, a simple fully-complete model has still not been established. As of today, models of logics with type variables rely on di-natural transformations, with the intuition that a proof should behave uniformly at variable types. Consequently, the interpretations of the proofs are not concrete. The main goal of this thesis was to shift from a 2-categorical setting to a first-order category. We model each literal by a pool of resources of a certain type, that we encode thanks to sorted names. Based on this, we revisit a range of categorical constructions, leading to nominal relational models of linear logic. As these fail to prove fully-complete, we revisit the fully-complete game-model of linear logic established by Melliès. We give a nominal account of concurrent game semantics, with an emphasis on names as resources. Based on them, we present fully complete models of multiplicative additive tensorial, and then linear logics. This model extends the previous result by adding atomic variables, although names do not play a crucial role in this result. On the other hand, it provides a nominal structure that allows for a nominal relationship between the Böhm trees of the linear lambda-terms and the plays of the strategies. However, this full-completeness result for linear logic rests on a quotient. Therefore, in the final chapter, we revisit the concurrent operators model which was first developed by Abramsky and Melliès. In our new model, the axiomatic structure is encoded through nominal techniques and strengthened in such a way that full completeness still holds for MLL. Our model does not depend on any 2-categorical argument or quotient. Furthermore, we show that once enriched with a hypercoherent structure, we get a static fully complete model of MALL

    Identifying diachronic changes in ochre behaviours throughout the Upper Palaeolithic (ca. 44-12.5 kya) of Southwestern Germany

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    The archaeological assemblage from the Upper Palaeolithic levels (ca. 44-14.5 kya) of Hohle Fels cave in southwestern Germany is central to our understanding of the beginnings of anatomically modern humans (AMHs) in Europe and their behaviours, including the capacity for symbolic mediation. The use and manipulation of mineral pigments is understood to be one of the earliest forms of symbolic expression and plays a pivotal role in our understanding of behavioural modernity. Of the mineral pigments, a series of Fe-oxide based materials colloquially referred to as “ochre” are the oldest and most widespread pigment found at archaeological sites worldwide. Understanding its role in human behaviours, the intricacies surrounding its collection and use, and the lasting imprint it left is thus of utmost relevance in order to investigate the behavioural evolution of our hominin lineage. The goal of my dissertation is to use a holistic approach to conduct a diachronic study of the ochre assemblage from Hohle Fels cave in southwestern Germany. Ultimately, my aim is to investigate the ways in which humans interacted with ochre in order to expand our understanding of their behavioural complexity during the earliest onset of the Aurignacian (ca. 44kcal. BP) and how these changed over time. Since ochre is a multi-faceted item with a range of uses and occurs in a variety of geological contexts, a diverse approach is best suited to explore its life-cycle and in what ways humans shaped and were impacted by their interactions with ochre. I present my thesis results in three stages, represented by three papers that are either published or ready for peer-review publication. The first stage used previously established categorical or qualitative methods to document the size, types, and overall presence of ochre artefacts at Hohle Fels. This investigation allowed observation of temporal patterns in visual and textural characteristics of ochres. It furthermore demonstrated that there are significant differences in the types of ochre collected during the Aurignacian (ca. 44-34 kcal. BP) and later time periods, namely, that ochre colours and textures were more varied during the Aurignacian which narrowed to a preference for purple, silty and micaceous ochres during the Gravettian (34-30.5 kya) and Magdalenian (16.5-14.5 kya). The traces of anthropogenic use during the later time periods are more in line with pigment powder production, while in the Aurignacian only a stylised motif is present. The second stage involved conducting a survey nearby Hohle Fels as well as in other areas, in order to locate Fe-oxide sources which could have provided the ochre materials to cave inhabitants. This also ties into the third stage, which aimed to geochemically characterize a selection of ochre artefacts from Hohle Fels using neutron activation analysis (NAA) and compare these with the source materials to conduct a provenance-based analysis. These two stages revealed that there are several compositional groups acquired from different sources represented in the ochre assemblage, most of which were locally-based. However, two compositional groups showed that ochre acquisition was not only restricted to local areas, and even during the Aurignacian ochre was transported over great distances (ca. 300 km). Furthermore, several of these sources were accessed throughout the entire Upper Palaeolithic, showing that groups of people were sharing knowledge through generations and were remaining loyal to certain source areas during a vastly changing environment and climate. The last aspect of the third stage involved the incorporation of ochres from the nearby cave sites of Geißenklösterle and Vogelherd, in order to explore whether ochre behaviours were shared between the cave sites. The results showed that people were indeed sharing or accessing the same ochres, but some were kept exclusive to certain groups as is seen with the ochre from Hohle Fels and Geißenklösterle. The data on the ochre materials, both archaeological and modern, coupled with environmental and climatic data, revealed that people were adapting when necessary, but also maintaining behaviours over time. Overall, the combination of all of these methods and techniques allowed for new and unique insights into the ways that people communicated with each other, interacted with their landscape, and how ochre formed a part of their lives throughout the Upper Palaeolithic.Die archäologischen Inventare aus den jungpaläolithischen Schichten (ca. 44–14,5 kya) der Hohle Fels-Höhle im Südwesten Deutschlands sind zentrale Bestandteile unseres Verständnisses der Anfänge des anatomisch modernen Menschen (AMHs) in Europa und seines Verhaltens, einschließlich seiner Kapazität zur symbolischen Vermittlung. Die Verwendung und Manipulation von Mineralpigmenten wird als eine der frühesten symbolischen Ausdrucksformen verstanden und spielt eine entscheidende Rolle in unserem Verständnis modernen Verhaltens (behavioural modernity). Mineralische Pigmente auf Eisenoxid-Basis, die umgangssprachlich als „Ocker“ oder „Rötel“ bezeichnet werden, sind die ältesten und am weitesten verbreiteten Mineralpigmente, die weltweit an archäologischen Stätten gefunden werden. Das Verständnis ihrer Rolle im menschlichen Verhalten und der Komplexität der Beschaffung und Verarbeitung sowie der bleibende Eindruck, den diese Mineralien hinterlassen, sind daher von größter Bedeutung, um die Verhaltensentwicklung der Hominin-Linie zu untersuchen. Das Ziel meiner Dissertation ist es, mit einem ganzheitlichen Ansatz eine diachrone Untersuchung der Ocker- und Rötelinventare vom Hohle Fels durchzuführen. Letztendlich ist mein Ziel zu untersuchen, wie Menschen mit Ocker interagierten, um unser Verständnis der Komplexität ihres Verhaltensweisen am Beginn des Aurignacien (ca. 44 kya) zu erweitern und zu untersuchen, wie sich diese im Laufe der Zeit verändert haben. Da es sich bei Ocker um ein Material mit einer Vielzahl von Verwendungsmöglichkeiten handelt und es in verschiedenen geologischen Kontexten vorkommt, ist ein breit gefächerter Ansatz am besten geeignet, seinen Lebenszyklus und die Art und Weise, wie der Mensch durch die Wechselwirkung mit Ocker beeinflusst wurde, zu untersuchen. Ich lege die Ergebnisse meine Dissertation in drei Phasen vor, die durch drei Artikel repräsentiert werden oder eingereicht sind beziehungsweise sich im Review-Prozess durch Fachkollegen befinden. In der ersten Stufe wurden zuvor festgelegte kategoriale oder qualitative Methoden verwendet, um die Größe, die Art und das gesamte Vorhandensein von Ocker- und Rötelartefakten im Hohle Fels zu dokumentieren. Diese Untersuchung ermöglichte die Beobachtung von Mustern in visuellen und texturellen Merkmalen von Ocker im Lauf der Zeit. Es zeigte sich weiterhin, dass es größere Unterschiede bei den Ockertypen im Aurignacien (ca. 44-34 kya) als in späteren Zeiträumen gibt. Diese variieren in Farbtönen und Texturen viel stärker als in späteren Zeitabschnitten, wo es eine Präferenz für lilafarbenen, feinkörnigen und glimmerhaltigen Ocker im Gravettien (34-30,5 kya) und im Magdalénien (16,5-14,5 kya) gibt. Die Spuren des anthropogenen Gebrauchs in den beiden letzteren Zeitstufen entsprechen eher Spuren der Pigmentpulverproduktion, während in der Aurignacien nur ein stilisiertes Motiv vorhanden ist. Die zweite Phase umfasste die Durchführung einer Geländebegehung in der Nähe des Hohle Fels sowie in anderen, weiter entfernten Gebieten, um Eisenoxid-Quellen zu lokalisieren, die die Mineralische Pigmente hätten liefern können. Dies knüpft auch an die dritte Stufe an, die darauf abzielte, eine Auswahl von Ockerartefakten vom Hohle Fels mithilfe der Neutronenaktivierungsanalyse (NAA) geochemisch zu bestimmen und diese mit den aufgesammelten Materialproben zu vergleichen, um eine Herkunftsanalyse durchzuführen. Diese beiden Stadien ergaben, dass es mehrere Kompositionsgruppen im Ockerinventar gibt, die aus verschiedenen Quellen stammen, und von denen die meisten lokal vorkommen. Zwei Kompositionsgruppen zeigten jedoch, dass die Beschaffung von Ocker nicht nur auf lokale Gebiete beschränkt war, sondern dass Ocker im Aurignacien auch über große Entfernungen (ca. 300 km) transportiert wurde. Darüber hinaus wurde auf mehrere dieser Lagerstätten im Verlauf des gesamten Jungpaläolithikums zugegriffen, was zeigt, dass Gruppen von Menschen über Generationen hinweg Wissen austauschten und bestimmten Quellen von Ressourcen auch in einem sich stark verändernden Umfeld und Klima treu blieben. Der letzte Aspekt der dritten Stufe umfasste die Einbeziehung von Ocker- und Rötelartefakten aus den nahe gelegenen Höhlenstandorten Geißenklösterle und Vogelherd, um zu untersuchen, ob sich die Nutzung von Ocker innerhalb der verschiedenen Höhlenstationen veränderte . Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Menschen tatsächlich auf dieselben Ockerquellen zurückgriffen; manche Ockersorten aber traten in bestimmten Gruppen exklusiv auf, wie dies bei einigen Ockersorten von Hohle Fels und Geißenklösterle der Fall ist. Die archäologischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Daten zu den Mineralische Pigmente sowie die Umwelt- und Klimadaten zeigen, dass sich die Menschen bei Bedarf anpassten und ihr Verhalten im Laufe der Zeit beibehielten. Insgesamt ermöglichte die Kombination all dieser Methoden und Techniken neue und einzigartige Einblicke in die Art und Weise, wie Menschen miteinander kommunizierten, mit ihrer Landschaft interagierten und auf welche Weise Ocker und Rötel einen Teil ihres Lebens im gesamten Jungpaläolithikum bildeten

    Computer Science Logic 2018: CSL 2018, September 4-8, 2018, Birmingham, United Kingdom

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