A two-stage model of category construction

The current consensus is that most natural categories are not organized around strict definitions (a list of singly necessary and jointly sufficient features) but rather according to a family resemblance (FR) principle: Objects belong to the same category because they are similar to each other and dissimilar to objects in contrast categories. A number of computational models of category construction have been developed to provide an account of how and why people create FR categories [Anderson, 1990]; [Fisher, 1987]. Surprisingly, however, only a few experiments on category construction or free sorting have been run and they suggest that people do not sort examples by the FR principle. We report several new experiments and a two-stage model for category construction. This model is contrasted with a variety of other models with respect to their ability to account for when FR sorting will and will not occur. The experiments serve to identify one basis for FR sorting and to support the two-stage model. The distinctive property of the two-stage model is that it assumes that people impose more structure than the examples support in the first stage and that the second stage adjusts for this difference between preferred and perceived structure. We speculate that people do not simply assimilate probabilistic structures but rather organize them in terms of discrete structures plus noise.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/30288/1/0000690.pd

A Combined Approach for Segment-Specific Analysis of Market Basket Data

There are two main research traditions for analyzing market basket data that exist more or less independently from each other, namely exploratory and explanatory model types. Exploratory approaches are restricted to the task of discovering cross-category interrelationships and provide marketing managers with only very limited recommendations regarding decision making. The latter type of models mainly focus on estimating the effects of category-level marketing mix variables on purchase incidences assuming cross-category dependencies. We propose a procedure that combines these two modeling approaches in a novel two-stage procedure for analyzing cross-category effects based on shopping basket data: In a data compression step we first derive a set of market basketprototypes and generate segments of households with internally more distinctive(complementary) cross-category interdependencies. Utilizing the information oncategories that are most responsible for prototype construction, segment-specificmultivariate logistic models are estimated in a second step. Based on the data-driven way of basket construction, we can show significant differences in cross-effects and related price elasticities both across segments and compared to the global (segment-unspecific) model

Examining risk as guideline in design stage for green retrofits projects: a review

Green buildings have generally been adopted as strategy towards sustainable development to reduce greenhouse gas. The implementation of green concept recently has widely spread over the year. However, the positive impact to the environment is still low due to heavily focus on new construction project as compare with retrofitting the existing building. A retrofit practice is not only regaining overall existing building appearance, but the improvement towards energy efficiency is remarkably significant at the expense of huge challenges and risk. As a consequence, retrofit practitioner is confronting an assortment of risks at the early stage of the project. Given that, green retrofit concept is emerging research area to Malaysia construction industry which motivates to determining the risk involve in design stage. This paper aims to review risk in design stage for green retrofit project for commercial buildings through gathering comprehensive literature review. As a result, two main category risks in design stage (technical/quality risk and financial management risk) is determined and extracted to identify risk. These risks are then quantified through analysis to enhance design performance within costbenefit. The proposed conceptual framework model is expected to assist retrofit practitioner to identify risk and obtain feasible retrofit strategy

PENGEMBANGAN INSTRUMEN PENILAIAN LITERASI SAINS PADA PEMBELAJARAN IPA MATERI SISTEM EKSKRESI

This study aimed to develop a scientific literacy assessment instrument that is valid and reliable for excretory system material. The final result was an assessment instrument in the form of test questions which was tested on 124 Grade VIII students at two schools in different cities. The planning stage, the production stage, and the evaluation stage are the three steps of the PPE development model according to Richey Klein used in the development of this assessment instrument. The findings of the analysis of this study also include logical validity which is built on the validation carried out by one science lecturer and two junior high school science teachers in the fields of materials, construction, and language. Validity indicates a valid assessment instrument with a score of 9. The reliability of the assessment instrument is obtained based on calculations using the Chronbach’s alpha formula and a reliability coefficient of 0.74 which is classified in the high category. The results of the development concluded that the scientific literacy assessment instrument on excretory system material was declared logically valid and reliable

Performance Assessment in STEM-EDP Project for High School Students: Validity Aspect

Performance assessment is an assessment with written, action, and assignments that can provide better feedback on student performance and skills. The purpose of this research is to produce a valid performance assessment to be used in the assessment of STEM-EDP activity for global warming subjects. This research is an earlier stage of development research using the ADDIE development model with three stages, that is Analysis, Design, Development, while the implementation will be conduct as follow-up research. The performance assessment that has been developed is tested by expert judgement. The results of the validity test by two Physics Education lecturers at Mulawarman University and one teacher at SMA Negeri 5 Samarinda obtain that aspects of readability, aspects of suitability, aspects of construction, and aspects of product usability, each scored obtaining 88%, 82%, 85%, and 87% respectively that indicates that the four aspects are in the very good category. Based on these results, the STEM-EDP performance assessment of global warming subjects are suitable to use in implementation stage.

Predicting residential building age from map data

The age of a building influences its form and fabric composition and this in turn is critical to inferring its energy performance. However, often this data is unknown. In this paper, we present a methodology to automatically identify the construction period of houses, for the purpose of urban energy modelling and simulation. We describe two major stages to achieving this – a per-building classification model and post-classification analysis to improve the accuracy of the class inferences. In the first stage, we extract measures of the morphology and neighbourhood characteristics from readily available topographic mapping, a high-resolution Digital Surface Model and statistical boundary data. These measures are then used as features within a random forest classifier to infer an age category for each building. We evaluate various predictive model combinations based on scenarios of available data, evaluating these using 5-fold cross-validation to train and tune the classifier hyper-parameters based on a sample of city properties. A separate sample estimated the best performing cross-validated model as achieving 77% accuracy. In the second stage, we improve the inferred per-building age classification (for a spatially contiguous neighbourhood test sample) through aggregating prediction probabilities using different methods of spatial reasoning. We report on three methods for achieving this based on adjacency relations, near neighbour graph analysis and graph-cuts label optimisation. We show that post-processing can improve the accuracy by up to 8 percentage points

Moduli of Π\Pi-algebras

We describe a homotopy-theoretic approach to the moduli of $\Pi$-algebras of Blanc-Dwyer-Goerss using the $\infty$-category $P_{\Sigma}(Sph)$ of product-preserving presheaves on finite-wedges of positive-dimensional spheres, reproving all of their results in this new setting