1,110 research outputs found
A Tight High-Order Entropic Quantum Uncertainty Relation With Applications
We derive a new entropic quantum uncertainty relation involving min-entropy.
The relation is tight and can be applied in various quantum-cryptographic
settings.
Protocols for quantum 1-out-of-2 Oblivious Transfer and quantum Bit
Commitment are presented and the uncertainty relation is used to prove the
security of these protocols in the bounded quantum-storage model according to
new strong security definitions.
As another application, we consider the realistic setting of Quantum Key
Distribution (QKD) against quantum-memory-bounded eavesdroppers. The
uncertainty relation allows to prove the security of QKD protocols in this
setting while tolerating considerably higher error rates compared to the
standard model with unbounded adversaries. For instance, for the six-state
protocol with one-way communication, a bit-flip error rate of up to 17% can be
tolerated (compared to 13% in the standard model).
Our uncertainty relation also yields a lower bound on the min-entropy key
uncertainty against known-plaintext attacks when quantum ciphers are composed.
Previously, the key uncertainty of these ciphers was only known with respect to
Shannon entropy.Comment: 21 pages; editorial changes, additional applicatio
Entropic uncertainty relations - A survey
Uncertainty relations play a central role in quantum mechanics. Entropic
uncertainty relations in particular have gained significant importance within
quantum information, providing the foundation for the security of many quantum
cryptographic protocols. Yet, rather little is known about entropic uncertainty
relations with more than two measurement settings. In this note we review known
results and open questions.Comment: 12 pages, revte
Entropic uncertainty relations for quantum information scrambling
How violently do two quantum operators disagree? Different fields of physics
feature different measures of incompatibility: (i) In quantum information
theory, entropic uncertainty relations constrain measurement outcomes. (ii) In
condensed matter and high-energy physics, the out-of-time-ordered correlator
(OTOC) signals scrambling, the spread of information through many-body
entanglement. We unite these measures, proving entropic uncertainty relations
for scrambling. The entropies are of distributions over weak and strong
measurements' possible outcomes. The weak measurements ensure that the OTOC
quasiprobability (a nonclassical generalization of a probability, which
coarse-grains to the OTOC) governs terms in the uncertainty bound. The
quasiprobability causes scrambling to strengthen the bound in numerical
simulations of a spin chain. This strengthening shows that entropic uncertainty
relations can reflect the type of operator disagreement behind scrambling.
Generalizing beyond scrambling, we prove entropic uncertainty relations
satisfied by commonly performed weak-measurement experiments. We unveil a
physical significance of weak values (conditioned expectation values): as
governing terms in entropic uncertainty bounds.Comment: Close to published version, but has more-pedagogical formatting. 13
pages, including 4 figure
A transform of complementary aspects with applications to entropic uncertainty relations
Even though mutually unbiased bases and entropic uncertainty relations play
an important role in quantum cryptographic protocols they remain ill
understood. Here, we construct special sets of up to 2n+1 mutually unbiased
bases (MUBs) in dimension d=2^n which have particularly beautiful symmetry
properties derived from the Clifford algebra. More precisely, we show that
there exists a unitary transformation that cyclically permutes such bases. This
unitary can be understood as a generalization of the Fourier transform, which
exchanges two MUBs, to multiple complementary aspects. We proceed to prove a
lower bound for min-entropic entropic uncertainty relations for any set of
MUBs, and show that symmetry plays a central role in obtaining tight bounds.
For example, we obtain for the first time a tight bound for four MUBs in
dimension d=4, which is attained by an eigenstate of our complementarity
transform. Finally, we discuss the relation to other symmetries obtained by
transformations in discrete phase space, and note that the extrema of discrete
Wigner functions are directly related to min-entropic uncertainty relations for
MUBs.Comment: 16 pages, 2 figures, v2: published version, clarified ref [30
Quantum to Classical Randomness Extractors
The goal of randomness extraction is to distill (almost) perfect randomness
from a weak source of randomness. When the source yields a classical string X,
many extractor constructions are known. Yet, when considering a physical
randomness source, X is itself ultimately the result of a measurement on an
underlying quantum system. When characterizing the power of a source to supply
randomness it is hence a natural question to ask, how much classical randomness
we can extract from a quantum system. To tackle this question we here take on
the study of quantum-to-classical randomness extractors (QC-extractors). We
provide constructions of QC-extractors based on measurements in a full set of
mutually unbiased bases (MUBs), and certain single qubit measurements. As the
first application, we show that any QC-extractor gives rise to entropic
uncertainty relations with respect to quantum side information. Such relations
were previously only known for two measurements. As the second application, we
resolve the central open question in the noisy-storage model [Wehner et al.,
PRL 100, 220502 (2008)] by linking security to the quantum capacity of the
adversary's storage device.Comment: 6+31 pages, 2 tables, 1 figure, v2: improved converse parameters,
typos corrected, new discussion, v3: new reference
Uncertainty relations: An operational approach to the error-disturbance tradeoff
The notions of error and disturbance appearing in quantum uncertainty
relations are often quantified by the discrepancy of a physical quantity from
its ideal value. However, these real and ideal values are not the outcomes of
simultaneous measurements, and comparing the values of unmeasured observables
is not necessarily meaningful according to quantum theory. To overcome these
conceptual difficulties, we take a different approach and define error and
disturbance in an operational manner. In particular, we formulate both in terms
of the probability that one can successfully distinguish the actual measurement
device from the relevant hypothetical ideal by any experimental test
whatsoever. This definition itself does not rely on the formalism of quantum
theory, avoiding many of the conceptual difficulties of usual definitions. We
then derive new Heisenberg-type uncertainty relations for both joint
measurability and the error-disturbance tradeoff for arbitrary observables of
finite-dimensional systems, as well as for the case of position and momentum.
Our relations may be directly applied in information processing settings, for
example to infer that devices which can faithfully transmit information
regarding one observable do not leak any information about conjugate
observables to the environment. We also show that Englert's wave-particle
duality relation [PRL 77, 2154 (1996)] can be viewed as an error-disturbance
uncertainty relation.Comment: v3: title change, accepted in Quantum; v2: 29 pages, 7 figures;
improved definition of measurement error. v1: 26.1 pages, 6 figures;
supersedes arXiv:1402.671
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