IoT trust and reputation: a survey and taxonomy

IoT is one of the fastest-growing technologies and it is estimated that more than a billion devices would be utilized across the globe by the end of 2030. To maximize the capability of these connected entities, trust and reputation among IoT entities is essential. Several trust management models have been proposed in the IoT environment; however, these schemes have not fully addressed the IoT devices features, such as devices role, device type and its dynamic behavior in a smart environment. As a result, traditional trust and reputation models are insufficient to tackle these characteristics and uncertainty risks while connecting nodes to the network. Whilst continuous study has been carried out and various articles suggest promising solutions in constrained environments, research on trust and reputation is still at its infancy. In this paper, we carry out a comprehensive literature review on state-of-the-art research on the trust and reputation of IoT devices and systems. Specifically, we first propose a new structure, namely a new taxonomy, to organize the trust and reputation models based on the ways trust is managed. The proposed taxonomy comprises of traditional trust management-based systems and artificial intelligence-based systems, and combine both the classes which encourage the existing schemes to adapt these emerging concepts. This collaboration between the conventional mathematical and the advanced ML models result in design schemes that are more robust and efficient. Then we drill down to compare and analyse the methods and applications of these systems based on community-accepted performance metrics, e.g. scalability, delay, cooperativeness and efficiency. Finally, built upon the findings of the analysis, we identify and discuss open research issues and challenges, and further speculate and point out future research directions.Comment: 20 pages, 5 Figures, 3 tables, Journal of cloud computin

A survey of evaluation platforms for ad hoc routing protocols: a resilience perspective

Routing protocols allow for the spontaneous formation of wireless multi-hop networks without dedicated infrastructure, also known as ad hoc networks. Despite significant technological advances, difficulties associated with the evaluation of ad hoc routing protocols under realistic conditions, still hamper their maturation and significant roll out in real world deployments. In particular, the resilience evaluation of ad hoc routing protocols is essential to determine their ability of keeping the routing service working despite the presence of changes, such as accidental faults or malicious ones (attacks). However, the resilience dimension is not always addressed by the evaluation platforms that are in charge of assessing these routing protocols. In this paper, we provide a survey covering current state-of-the-art evaluation platforms in the domain of ad hoc routing protocols paying special attention to the resilience dimension. The goal is threefold. First, we identify the most representative evaluation platforms and the routing protocols they have evaluated. Then, we analyse the experimental methodologies followed by such evaluation platforms. Finally, we create a taxonomy to characterise experimental properties of such evaluation platforms.This work is partially supported by the Spanish Project ARENES (TIN2012-38308-C02-01), the ANR French Project AMORES (ANR-11-INSE-010), and the Intel Doctoral Student Honour Programme 2012.Friginal López, J.; Andrés Martínez, DD.; Ruiz García, JC.; Martínez Raga, M. (2014). A survey of evaluation platforms for ad hoc routing protocols: a resilience perspective. Computer Networks. 75(A):395-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2014.09.010S39541375

Performance Evaluation of Distributed Security Protocols Using Discrete Event Simulation

The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) that manages inter-domain routing on the Internet lacks security. Protective measures using public key cryptography introduce complexities and costs. To support authentication and other security functionality in large networks, we need public key infrastructures (PKIs). Protocols that distribute and validate certificates introduce additional complexities and costs. The certification path building algorithm that helps users establish trust on certificates in the distributed network environment is particularly complicated. Neither routing security nor PKI come for free. Prior to this work, the research study on performance issues of these large-scale distributed security systems was minimal. In this thesis, we evaluate the performance of BGP security protocols and PKI systems. We answer the questions about how the performance affects protocol behaviors and how we can improve the efficiency of these distributed protocols to bring them one step closer to reality. The complexity of the Internet makes an analytical approach difficult; and the scale of Internet makes empirical approaches also unworkable. Consequently, we take the approach of simulation. We have built the simulation frameworks to model a number of BGP security protocols and the PKI system. We have identified performance problems of Secure BGP (S-BGP), a primary BGP security protocol, and proposed and evaluated Signature Amortization (S-A) and Aggregated Path Authentication (APA) schemes that significantly improve efficiency of S-BGP without compromising security. We have also built a simulation framework for general PKI systems and evaluated certification path building algorithms, a critical part of establishing trust in Internet-scale PKI, and used this framework to improve algorithm performance

A Systematic Review of IoT Communication Strategies for an Efficient Smart Environment

The massive increase in actuators, industrial devices, health-care devices, and sensors, have led to the implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT), fast and flexible information technology communication between the devices. As such, responding to the needs in speedily way, and matching the smart services with modified requirements, IoT communications have facilitated the interconnections of things between applications, users, and smart devices. In order to gain extra advantage of the numerous services of the Internet. In this paper, the authors first, provided a comprehensive analysis on the IoT communication strategies and applications for smart devices based on a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). Then, the communication strategies and applications are categorized into four main topics including device to device, device to cloud, device to gateway and device to application scenarios. Furthermore, a technical taxonomy is presented to classify the existing papers according to search-based methodology in the scientific databases. The technical taxonomy presents five categories for IoT communication applications including monitoring-based communications, routing-based communications, health-based communications, Intrusion-based communications, and resource-based communications. The evaluation factors and infrastructure attributes are discussed based on some technical questions. Finally, some new challenges and forthcoming issues of future IoT communications are presented

IMMERSIVE VIRTUAL REALITY FOR EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING

Immersive virtual reality is any computer-generated environment capable of fooling the user’s senses with a feeling of presence (being there). Two different types of hardware are usually used to access immersive virtual reality: Head Mounted Displays (HMD) or Cave Automated Virtual Environment (CAVE). Due to its ability to generate any kind of environment, either real or imaginary, immersive virtual reality can be used as a tool to deliver experiential learning, as described by Kolb (1984) in his experiential learning circle model. Such model identifies four different steps that, as part of a circle, describe the process of learning by experiencing something, these steps are: (1) concrete experience, (2) observations and reflections, (3) formulation of abstract concepts and generalization, (4) testing implications of concepts in new situations. Immersive virtual reality has been out for decades, but in spite of the big buzz around it, a large adoption of the technology has not occurred yet. One of the main barriers to adoptions is the high cost of gear needed. However, recent development in technology are pushing prices down. For instance, Google Cardboard offers a very inexpensive way to experience virtual reality through smartphones. Moreover, the price of HMD and the powerful computers needed to run virtual reality software are expected to fall as it already happened with desktop computers before. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), as introduced by Davis (1989), is an attempt to understand the factors behind the adoption of new technologies. In particular, this model introduces the two key concepts of (1) perceived usefulness and (2) perceived ease of use. Looking at these, the manuscript attempts to bring some light in the current state of the adoption. The findings of this study have both theoretical and managerial implications, useful both to schools and vendors. The main finding of this study is that more research is needed to understand how people learn in immersive virtual reality, and how to develop software capable of delivering experiential learning. A tighter collaboration between schools, students, manufacturers, software developers seems to be the most viable way to go