A Survey of Green Networking Research

Reduction of unnecessary energy consumption is becoming a major concern in wired networking, because of the potential economical benefits and of its expected environmental impact. These issues, usually referred to as "green networking", relate to embedding energy-awareness in the design, in the devices and in the protocols of networks. In this work, we first formulate a more precise definition of the "green" attribute. We furthermore identify a few paradigms that are the key enablers of energy-aware networking research. We then overview the current state of the art and provide a taxonomy of the relevant work, with a special focus on wired networking. At a high level, we identify four branches of green networking research that stem from different observations on the root causes of energy waste, namely (i) Adaptive Link Rate, (ii) Interface proxying, (iii) Energy-aware infrastructures and (iv) Energy-aware applications. In this work, we do not only explore specific proposals pertaining to each of the above branches, but also offer a perspective for research.Comment: Index Terms: Green Networking; Wired Networks; Adaptive Link Rate; Interface Proxying; Energy-aware Infrastructures; Energy-aware Applications. 18 pages, 6 figures, 2 table

Router Power Consumption Analysis: Towards Green Communications

2nd International Conference on Green Communications and Networking, GreeNets 2012; Gandia; Spain; 25 October 2012 through 26 October 2012In recent years, the number of network devices which are being used in new network infrastructure and intelligent buildings, are growing more and more. Because these devices can often have high processing activity, we must consider their power consumption. Their energy requirements may vary depending on their operation mode, their processing capacity and even the type of devices to which are connected. The ability to determine exact consumption of network can provide an optimal network design and the other auxiliary systems, such as cool system, which may be necessary for the proper operation of the network. In this paper we determine the power consumption generated by network devices of different manufacturers and models. These tests allow us to see the energy consumed when they are in await mode and when they are working, running a routing protocol in order to interconnect different networks, promoting the development of the sustainable Green Networks.Andrade Morelli, S.; Ruiz Sanchez, E.; Sendra, S.; Lloret, J. (2013). Router Power Consumption Analysis: Towards Green Communications. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. 113:28-37. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37977-2_3S2837113Balasubramanian, N., Balasubramanian, A., Venkataraman, A.: Energy Consumption in Mobile Phones: A Measurement Study and Implications for Network Applications. In: Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement Conference, IMC 2009, Chicago, IL, USA, November 4-6 (2009)Bianco, C., Cucchietti, F., Griffa, G.: Energy consumption trends in the next generation access network - a telco perspective. In: 29th International Telecommunications Energy Conference, INTELEC 2007, Rome, Italy, September 30-October 4 (2007)Datasheet of Router Cisco184, Available at Cisco web site: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/routers/ps5853/ps5875/product_data_sheet0900aecd806c4e2a.pdfDatasheet of Router Allied AR410, Available at Alied telesync web site: http://www.alliedtelesis.com/media/fount/datasheet/AR410Series_Datasheet_RevQ.pdfFisher, W., Suchara, M., Rexford, J.: Greening Backbone Networks: Reducing Energy Consumption by Shutting Off Cables in Bundled Links. In: Proceedings of the First ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Green Networking, New Delhi, India, August 30 (2010)González, N., Moran, L., Angioleti, J.M., Varela, J.A.: Green IT, ch. 4. Green Telecom Networks. eKISS nº82. Internal publication of Telefónica (2009)Mohsin, A.H., Bakar, K.A., Adekiigbe, A., Ghafoor, K.Z.: A Survey of Energy-aware Routing protocols in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks: Trends and Challenges. Network Protocols and Algorithms 4(2), 82–107 (2012)Duan, Q.: Performance Evaluation on Traffic Control in Combined Input and Cross-point Queuing Switches. Network Protocols and Algorithms 3(4), 18–31 (2011)Sendra, S., Fernández, P.A., Quilez, M.A., Lloret, J.: Study and Performance of Interior Gateway IP routing Protocols. Network Protocols and Algorithms 2(4), 88–117 (2010)Sendra, S., Lloret, J., Garcia, M., Toledo, J.F.: Power saving and energy optimization techniques for Wireless Sensor Networks. J. Commun. Acad. Publ. 6, 439–459 (2011)Cisco Report. Server power calculator analysis: Cisco UCS power calculator and HP power advisor (2011)Kakemizu, M., Chugo, A.: Approaches to Green Networks. Fujitsu Scientific and Technical Journal 45(4), 398–403 (2009)Bianzino, A.P., Chaudet, C., Rossi, D., Rougier, J.-L.: A Survey of Green Networking Research. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 14(1), 3–20 (2012)Stevens, W.R.: TCP/IP Illustrated. The Protocols (Addison-Wesley Professional Computing Series), vol. 1 (1994

A review on green caching strategies for next generation communication networks

© 2020 IEEE. In recent years, the ever-increasing demand for networking resources and energy, fueled by the unprecedented upsurge in Internet traffic, has been a cause for concern for many service providers. Content caching, which serves user requests locally, is deemed to be an enabling technology in addressing the challenges offered by the phenomenal growth in Internet traffic. Conventionally, content caching is considered as a viable solution to alleviate the backhaul pressure. However, recently, many studies have reported energy cost reductions contributed by content caching in cache-equipped networks. The hypothesis is that caching shortens content delivery distance and eventually achieves significant reduction in transmission energy consumption. This has motivated us to conduct this study and in this article, a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art green caching techniques is provided. This review paper extensively discusses contributions of the existing studies on green caching. In addition, the study explores different cache-equipped network types, solution methods, and application scenarios. We categorically present that the optimal selection of the caching nodes, smart resource management, popular content selection, and renewable energy integration can substantially improve energy efficiency of the cache-equipped systems. In addition, based on the comprehensive analysis, we also highlight some potential research ideas relevant to green content caching

Using the Web Wisely: Assisting the Nonprofit Sector with Internet Use

This study explores the unique difficulties nonprofit professionals may experience in creating and maintaining online presence. Both quantitative and qualitative methods in the form of an online survey and a focus group were used to gather data from nonprofit practitioners around Bowling Green, Kentucky. Findings revealed that nonprofits suffer from limited resources, like time, funding, personnel, and expertise, which impede their ability to take advantage of websites, social networking, and online grant research. In an attempt to address the needs identified by participants, research results were used to develop a series of training workshops facilitated by experienced professionals in the interest areas. Workshop topics included Web Design, Social Networking, and Grant Research. They were made available to nonprofit staff free of charge and provided hands- on, applicable knowledge based on nonprofit challenges and needs

A network approach to overcoming barriers to market engagement for SMEs in energy efficiency initiatives such as the Green Deal

The Green Deal (GD) was launched in 2013 by the UK Government as a market-led scheme to encourage uptake of energy efficiency measures in the UK and create green sector jobs. The scheme closed in July 2015 after 30 months due to government concerns over low uptake and industry standards but additional factors potentially contributed to its failure such as poor scheme design and lack of understanding of the customer and supply chain journey. We explore the role of key delivery agents of GD services, specifically SMEs, and we use the LoCal-Net project as a case study to examine the use of networks to identify and reduce barriers to SME market engagement. We find that SMEs experienced multiple barriers to interaction with the GD such as lack of access to information, training, and confusion over delivery of the scheme but benefited from interaction with the network to access information, improve understanding of the scheme, increasing networking opportunities and forming new business models and partnerships to reduce risk. The importance of SMEs as delivery agents and their role in the design of market-led schemes such as the GD are discussed with recommendations for improving SME engagement in green sector initiatives

Education, mobility and rural business development

Purpose – In a period of rural economic change, knowledge and skills transfers and the generation of new economic opportunities are seen as essential for promoting rural development. The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence of the impact of educated in-migrants establishing new business activity in rural areas. Design/methodology/approach – The research employs qualitative interviews with rural business owners informed by an earlier postal survey of rural microbusinesses in the North East of England. The interview data are used to explore the implications of owners’ past education and work experience for the development of their businesses. The attitudes and networking behaviour of business owners are also explored in order to assess the extent to which social capital facilitates the exchange of valuable knowledge and opportunities between rural businesses. Findings – Data indicate that rural in-migrants, defined as having moved at least 30 miles as adults, arrive with significantly higher education qualifications than their local business-owning counterparts. It also indicates that those with higher levels of education are most likely to engage with networking groups and business advice providers. This leads to the conclusion that as well as bringing higher levels of human capital, the integration of in-migrants into local economies is indirectly increasing the potential levels of human and social capital across the rural economy. Originality/value – The research highlights important data concerning the levels of education among in-migrants and local business owners. It continues by developing theoretical explanations about the way that a business owner’s background can influence their business activity. This raises awareness of the diversity of skills and networks among rural business owners that are enhancing the stocks of human and social capital in the rural economy

Surveys reveal top technology and green initiatives

Bruce Grant-Braham examines the latest hospitality information technology application