A Survey of Interaction Techniques for Interactive 3D Environments

International audienceVarious interaction techniques have been developed for interactive 3D environments. This paper presents an up-to-date and comprehensive review of the state of the art of non-immersive interaction techniques for Navigation, Selection & Manipulation, and System Control, including a basic introduction to the topic, the challenges, and an examination of a number of popular approaches. We hope that this survey can aid both researchers and developers of interactive 3D applications in having a clearer overview of the topic and in particular can be useful for practitioners and researchers that are new to the field of interactive 3D graphics

The State of the Art of Spatial Interfaces for 3D Visualization

International audienceWe survey the state of the art of spatial interfaces for 3D visualization. Interaction techniques are crucial to data visualization processes and the visualization research community has been calling for more research on interaction for years. Yet, research papers focusing on interaction techniques, in particular for 3D visualization purposes, are not always published in visualization venues, sometimes making it challenging to synthesize the latest interaction and visualization results. We therefore introduce a taxonomy of interaction technique for 3D visualization. The taxonomy is organized along two axes: the primary source of input on the one hand and the visualization task they support on the other hand. Surveying the state of the art allows us to highlight specific challenges and missed opportunities for research in 3D visualization. In particular, we call for additional research in: (1) controlling 3D visualization widgets to help scientists better understand their data, (2) 3D interaction techniques for dissemination, which are under-explored yet show great promise for helping museum and science centers in their mission to share recent knowledge, and (3) developing new measures that move beyond traditional time and errors metrics for evaluating visualizations that include spatial interaction

Sustainable Robots 4D Printing

Nature frequently serves as an inspiration for modern robotics innovations that emphasize secure human–machine interaction. However, the advantages of increased automation and digital technology integration conflict with the global environmental objectives. Accordingly, biodegradable soft robots have been proposed for a range of intelligent applications. Biodegradability provides soft robotics with an extraordinary functional advantage for operations involving intelligent shape transformation in response to external stimuli such as heat, pH, and light. Soft robot fabrication using conventional manufacturing techniques is inflexible, time-consuming, and labor-intensive. Recent advances in 3D and 4D printing of soft materials and multi-materials have become the key to enabling the direct manufacture of soft robotics with complex designs and functions. This review comprises a detailed survey of 3D and 4D printing advances in biodegradable soft sensors and actuators (BSSA), which serve as the most prominent parts of each robotic system. In addition, a concise overview of biodegradable materials for the fabrication of 3D-printed flexible devices with medical along with industrial applications is provided. A complete summary of current additive manufacturing techniques for BSSA is discussed in depth. Moreover, the concept of biodegradable 4D-printed soft actuators and sensors and biohybrid soft robots is reviewed

Peinture numérique sur modèles 3D en usage récréatif

Creating digital 3D scenes is attractive for the general public. However, even if hardware and financial constraints tend to disappear, the creation of 3D content remains a difficult task for novice users. Indeed, 3D modeling software is complex and requires a long learning process that is not suitable for recreational use. The purpose of this work is to contribute to the democratization of digital 3D creation by the study and design of human-computer interactions that are appropriate to novice users.We focus on the 3D painting task: digital painting on 3D models. We analyze the problem according to three axes: stylus interaction, navigation inside the 3D scene, and the combination of both painting and navigation. We first present a state of the art regarding the techniques of 3D painting and 3D navigation as well as their possible combinations. We also survey the existing input devices for 3D painting.We then present our three main contributions. A first experiment allows us to evaluate the effect of the directness of interaction on the 3D painting task. The study reveals that direct interaction leads to the drawing of higher quality line segments than indirect interaction. Next, we propose new interaction techniques for rotating around 3D objects. They are evaluated through another experiment that reveals the importance of a new criterion that we introduce: surjection. Finally, we present an evaluation of various combinations of 3D navigation and 3D painting interaction techniques. This study reveals that a bimanual interaction combining touch and stylus is the most appropriate for digital painting on 3D models by novice users.Our work, considered with other efforts that aim at simplifying 3D modeling, indicates that digital 3D creation for the general public is within reach.La création de scènes numériques 3D exerce un attrait important auprès du grand public. Cependant, même si les contraintes matérielles ou financières tendent à disparaître, créer du contenu numérique 3D reste une tâche difficile pour le débutant. Les logiciels de modélisation 3D sont complexes, et nécessitent un apprentissage long qui n'est pas adapté à un usage récréatif. L'objectif des travaux présentés dans ce mémoire est de contribuer à la démocratisation de la création numérique 3D par l'étude et la conception d'interactions homme-machine adaptées aux utilisateurs novices.Nous focalisons sur la tâche de peinture sur modèles 3D. Le problème est analysé selon trois axes : interaction avec le pinceau numérique, navigation dans la scène, et combinaison de la peinture et de la navigation. Nous établissons un état de l'art des différentes techniques de peinture 3D et de navigation 3D ainsi que de leurs possibilités de combinaison. Nous passons également en revue les différents types de dispositifs existant pour la peinture 3D.Nous présentons ensuite nos trois principales contributions. Une première étude expérimentale permet d'évaluer l'influence de l'aspect direct de l'interaction sur la peinture numérique 3D. L'étude révèle que l'interaction directe permet aux participants de produire des lignes de meilleure qualité que l'interaction indirecte. Nous proposons ensuite de nouvelles techniques de rotation autours d'un objet 3D. Leur efficacité est évaluée de manière qualitative et quantitative, et permet de montrer le rôle joué par un nouveau critère que nous introduisons: la surjection. Enfin, nous proposons une étude expérimentale des combinaisons d'interactions de navigation et de peinture 3D. Cette étude nous permet d'identifier une interaction bi-manuelle, au touché et au stylet, comme l'interaction la mieux adaptée pour la peinture de modèles 3D par des utilisateurs novices.Nos travaux, vus en parallèle d'autres efforts qui visent à simplifier les tâches de modélisation, indiquent que la création numérique 3D accessible au plus grand nombre n'est plus une utopie

Trends and Techniques in Visual Gaze Analysis

Visualizing gaze data is an effective way for the quick interpretation of eye tracking results. This paper presents a study investigation benefits and limitations of visual gaze analysis among eye tracking professionals and researchers. The results were used to create a tool for visual gaze analysis within a Master's project.Comment: pages 89-93, The 5th Conference on Communication by Gaze Interaction - COGAIN 2009: Gaze Interaction For Those Who Want It Most, ISBN: 978-87-643-0475-

Three-dimensional metamorphosis: a survey

International audienceA metamorphosis or a (3D) morphing is the process of continuously transforming one object into another. 2D and 3D morphing are popular in computer animation, industrial design, and growth simulation. Since there is no intrinsic solution to the morphing problem, user interaction can be a key component of a morphing software. Many morphing techniques have been proposed in recent years for 2D and 3D objects. We present a survey of the various 3D approaches, giving special attention to the user interface. We show how the approaches are intimately related to the object representations. We conclude by sketching some morphing strategies for the future