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    μƒνƒœκ³„μ—μ„œμ˜ 경쟁 κ΄€μ μœΌλ‘œ κ·Έλž˜ν”„μ™€ 유ν–₯κ·Έλž˜ν”„μ˜ ꡬ쑰 연ꡬ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(박사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ‚¬λ²”λŒ€ν•™ μˆ˜ν•™κ΅μœ‘κ³Ό, 2023. 2. κΉ€μ„œλ Ή.In this thesis, we study m-step competition graphs, (1, 2)-step competition graphs, phylogeny graphs, and competition-common enemy graphs (CCE graphs), which are primary variants of competition graphs. Cohen [11] introduced the notion of competition graph while studying predator-prey concepts in ecological food webs.An ecosystem is a biological community of interacting species and their physical environment. For each species in an ecosystem, there can be m conditions of the good environment by regarding lower and upper bounds on numerous dimensions such as soil, climate, temperature, etc, which may be represented by an m-dimensional rectangle, so-called an ecological niche. An elemental ecological truth is that two species compete if and only if their ecological niches overlap. Biologists often describe competitive relations among species cohabiting in a community by a food web that is a digraph whose vertices are the species and an arc goes from a predator to a prey. In this context, Cohen [11] defined the competition graph of a digraph as follows. The competition graph C(D) of a digraph D is defined to be a simple graph whose vertex set is the same as V (D) and which has an edge joining two distinct vertices u and v if and only if there are arcs (u, w) and (v, w) for some vertex w in D. Since Cohen introduced this definition, its variants such as m-step competition graphs, (i, j)-step competition graphs, phylogeny graphs, CCE graphs, p-competition graphs, and niche graphs have been introduced and studied. As part of these studies, we show that the connected triangle-free m-step competition graph on n vertices is a tree and completely characterize the digraphs of order n whose m-step competition graphs are star graphs for positive integers 2 ≀ m < n. We completely identify (1,2)-step competition graphs C_{1,2}(D) of orientations D of a complete k-partite graph for some k β‰₯ 3 when each partite set of D forms a clique in C_{1,2}(D). In addition, we show that the diameter of each component of C_{1,2}(D) is at most three and provide a sharp upper bound on the domination number of C_{1,2}(D) and give a sufficient condition for C_{1,2}(D) being an interval graph. On the other hand, we study on phylogeny graphs and CCE graphs of degreebounded acyclic digraphs. An acyclic digraph in which every vertex has indegree at most i and outdegree at most j is called an (i, j) digraph for some positive integers i and j. If each vertex of a (not necessarily acyclic) digraph D has indegree at most i and outdegree at most j, then D is called an hi, ji digraph. We give a sufficient condition on the size of hole of an underlying graph of an (i, 2) digraph D for the phylogeny graph of D being a chordal graph where D is an (i, 2) digraph. Moreover, we go further to completely characterize phylogeny graphs of (i, j) digraphs by listing the forbidden induced subgraphs. We completely identify the graphs with the least components among the CCE graphs of (2, 2) digraphs containing at most one cycle and exactly two isolated vertices, and their digraphs. Finally, we gives a sufficient condition for CCE graphs being interval graphs.이 λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œ κ²½μŸκ·Έλž˜ν”„μ˜ μ£Όμš” 변이듀 쀑 m-step κ²½μŸκ·Έλž˜ν”„, (1, 2)-step 경쟁 κ·Έλž˜ν”„, 계톡 κ·Έλž˜ν”„, κ²½μŸκ³΅μ κ·Έλž˜ν”„μ— λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ’…ν•©ν–ˆλ‹€. Cohen [11]은 λ¨Ήμ΄μ‚¬μŠ¬μ—μ„œ ν¬μ‹μž-ν”Όμ‹μž κ°œλ…μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ κ²½μŸκ·Έλž˜ν”„ κ°œλ…μ„ κ³ μ•ˆν–ˆλ‹€. μƒνƒœκ³„λŠ” μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ” μ’…λ“€κ³Ό κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 물리적 ν™˜κ²½μ˜ 생물학적 체계이닀. μƒνƒœκ³„μ˜ 각 쒅에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ, ν† μ–‘, κΈ°ν›„, μ˜¨λ„ λ“±κ³Ό 같은 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ°¨μ›μ˜ ν•˜κ³„ 및 상계λ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν•˜μ—¬ 쒋은 ν™˜κ²½μ„ m개의 μ‘°κ±΄λ“€λ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλŠ”λ° 이λ₯Ό μƒνƒœμ  μ§€μœ„(ecological niche)라고 ν•œλ‹€. μƒνƒœν•™μ  기본가정은 두 쒅이 μƒνƒœμ  μ§€μœ„κ°€ 겹치면 κ²½μŸν•˜κ³ (compete), κ²½μŸν•˜λŠ” 두 쒅은 μƒνƒœμ  μ§€μœ„κ°€ κ²ΉμΉœλ‹€λŠ” 것이닀. ν”νžˆ μƒλ¬Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ ν•œ μ²΄μ œμ—μ„œ μ„œμ‹ν•˜λŠ” μ’…λ“€μ˜ 경쟁적 관계λ₯Ό 각 쒅은 κΌ­μ§“μ μœΌλ‘œ, ν¬μ‹μžμ—μ„œ ν”Όμ‹μžμ—κ²ŒλŠ” 유ν–₯λ³€(arc)을 κ·Έμ–΄μ„œ λ¨Ήμ΄μ‚¬μŠ¬λ‘œ ν‘œν˜„ν•œλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ§₯λ½μ—μ„œ Cohen [11]은 λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같이 유ν–₯κ·Έλž˜ν”„μ˜ 경쟁 κ·Έλž˜ν”„λ₯Ό μ •μ˜ν–ˆλ‹€. 유ν–₯κ·Έλž˜ν”„(digraph) D의 κ²½μŸκ·Έλž˜ν”„(competition graph) C(D) λž€ V (D)λ₯Ό 꼭짓점 μ§‘ν•©μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜κ³  두 꼭짓점 u, vλ₯Ό μ–‘ 끝점으둜 κ°–λŠ” 변이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것과 꼭짓점 wκ°€ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ—¬ (u, w),(v, w)κ°€ λͺ¨λ‘ Dμ—μ„œ 유ν–₯변이 λ˜λŠ” 것이 λ™μΉ˜μΈ κ·Έλž˜ν”„λ₯Ό μ˜λ―Έν•œλ‹€. Cohen이 κ²½μŸκ·Έλž˜ν”„μ˜ μ •μ˜λ₯Ό λ„μž…ν•œ μ΄ν›„λ‘œ κ·Έ λ³€μ΄λ“€λ‘œ m-step κ²½μŸκ·Έλž˜ν”„(m-step competition graph), (i, j)-step κ²½μŸκ·Έλž˜ν”„((i, j)-step competition graph), κ³„ν†΅κ·Έλž˜ν”„(phylogeny graph), κ²½μŸκ³΅μ κ·Έλž˜ν”„(competition-common enemy graph), p-κ²½μŸκ·Έλž˜ν”„(p-competition graph), 그리고 μ§€μœ„κ·Έλž˜ν”„(niche graph)κ°€ λ„μž…λ˜μ—ˆκ³  μ—°κ΅¬λ˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 이 λ…Όλ¬Έμ˜ 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Όλ“€μ˜ μΌλΆ€λŠ” λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™λ‹€. μ‚Όκ°ν˜•μ΄ 없이 μ—°κ²°λœ m-step 경쟁 κ·Έλž˜ν”„λŠ” 트리(tree)μž„μ„ λ³΄μ˜€μœΌλ©° 2 ≀ m < n을 λ§Œμ‘±ν•˜λŠ” μ •μˆ˜ m, n에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ κΌ­μ§“μ μ˜ κ°œμˆ˜κ°€ n개이고 m-step κ²½μŸκ·Έλž˜ν”„κ°€ λ³„κ·Έλž˜ν”„(star graph)κ°€ λ˜λŠ” 유ν–₯κ·Έλž˜ν”„λ₯Ό μ™„λ²½ν•˜κ²Œ νŠΉμ§•ν™” ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. k β‰₯ 3이고 λ°©ν–₯지어진 μ™„μ „ k-λΆ„ν•  κ·Έλž˜ν”„(oriented complete k-partite graph)의 (1, 2)-step κ²½μŸκ·Έλž˜ν”„ C_{1,2}(D)μ—μ„œ 각 뢄할이 μ™„μ „ λΆ€λΆ„ κ·Έλž˜ν”„λ₯Ό 이룰 λ•Œ, C_{1,2}(D)을 λͺ¨λ‘ νŠΉμ§•ν™” ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, C_{1,2}(D)의 각 μ„±λΆ„(component)의 지름(diameter)의 길이가 μ΅œλŒ€ 3이며 C_{1,2}(D)의 μ§€λ°°μˆ˜(domination number)에 λŒ€ν•œ 상계와 μ΅œλŒ“κ°’μ„ κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  κ΅¬κ°„κ·Έλž˜ν”„(interval graph)κ°€ 되기 μœ„ν•œ μΆ©λΆ„ 쑰건을 κ΅¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ°¨μˆ˜κ°€ μ œν•œλœ 유ν–₯회둜λ₯Ό 갖지 μ•ŠλŠ” 유ν–₯κ·Έλž˜ν”„(degree-bounded acyclic digraph)의 κ³„ν†΅κ·Έλž˜ν”„μ™€ κ²½μŸκ³΅μ κ·Έλž˜ν”„μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ–‘μ˜ μ •μˆ˜λ“€ i, j에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ (i, j) 유ν–₯κ·Έλž˜ν”„λž€ 각 κΌ­μ§“μ μ˜ λ‚΄μ°¨μˆ˜λŠ” μ΅œλŒ€ i, μ™Έμ°¨μˆ˜λŠ” μ΅œλŒ€ j인 유ν–₯회둜 갖지 μ•ŠλŠ” 유ν–₯κ·Έλž˜ν”„μ΄λ‹€. λ§Œμ•½ 유ν–₯κ·Έλž˜ν”„ D에 각 꼭짓점이 λ‚΄μ°¨μˆ˜κ°€ μ΅œλŒ€ i, μ™Έμ°¨μˆ˜κ°€ μ΅œλŒ€ j 인 κ²½μš°μ— Dλ₯Ό hi, ji 유ν–₯κ·Έλž˜ν”„λΌ ν•œλ‹€. Dκ°€ (i, 2) 유ν–₯κ·Έλž˜ν”„μΌ λ•Œ, D의 κ³„ν†΅κ·Έλž˜ν”„κ°€ ν˜„κ·Έλž˜ν”„(chordal graph)κ°€ 되기 μœ„ν•œ D의 λ°©ν–₯을 κ³ λ €ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  μ–»μ–΄μ§€λŠ” κ·Έλž˜ν”„(underlying graph)μ—μ„œ 길이가 4이상인 회둜(hole)의 길이에 λŒ€ν•œ 좩뢄쑰건을 κ΅¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ (i, j) 유ν–₯κ·Έλž˜ν”„μ˜ κ³„ν†΅κ·Έλž˜ν”„μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜¬ 수 μ—†λŠ” 생성 λΆ€λΆ„ κ·Έλž˜ν”„(forbidden induced subgraph)λ₯Ό νŠΉμ§•ν™” ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. (2, 2) 유ν–₯κ·Έλž˜ν”„ D의 κ²½μŸκ³΅μ κ·Έλž˜ν”„ CCE(D)κ°€ 2개의 고립점(isolated vertex)κ³Ό μ΅œλŒ€ 1개의 회둜λ₯Ό κ°–μœΌλ©΄μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 적은 성뢄을 κ°–λŠ” 경우일 λ•Œμ˜ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό 규λͺ…ν–ˆλ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ, CCE(D)κ°€ κ΅¬κ°„κ·Έλž˜ν”„κ°€ 되기 μœ„ν•œ μ„±λΆ„μ˜ κ°œμˆ˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ 좩뢄쑰건을 κ΅¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Graph theory terminology and basic concepts 1 1.2 Competition graphs and its variants 6 1.2.1 A brief background of competition graphs 6 1.2.2 Variants of competition graphs 8 1.2.3 m-step competition graphs 10 1.2.4 (1, 2)-step competition graphs 13 1.2.5 Phylogeny graphs 14 1.2.6 CCE graphs 16 1.3 A preview of the thesis 17 2 Digraphs whose m-step competition graphs are trees 19 2.1 The triangle-free m-step competition graphs 23 2.2 Digraphs whose m-step competition graphs are trees 29 2.3 The digraphs whose m-step competition graphs are star graphs 38 3 On (1, 2)-step competition graphs of multipartite tournaments 47 3.1 Preliminaries 48 3.2 C1,2(D) with a non-clique partite set of D 51 3.3 C1,2(D) without a non-clique partite set of D 66 3.4 C1,2(D) as a complete graph 74 3.5 Diameters and domination numbers of C1,2(D) 79 3.6 Disconnected (1, 2)-step competition graphs 82 3.7 Interval (1, 2)-step competition graphs 84 4 The forbidden induced subgraphs of (i, j) phylogeny graphs 90 4.1 A necessary condition for an (i, 2) phylogeny graph being chordal 91 4.2 Forbidden subgraphs for phylogeny graphs of degree bounded digraphs 99 5 On CCE graphs of (2, 2) digraphs 122 5.1 CCE graphs of h2, 2i digraphs 128 5.2 CCE graphs of (2, 2) digraphs 134 Abstract (in Korean) 168 Acknowledgement (in Korean) 170λ°•

    A generalization of heterochromatic graphs

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    In 2006, Suzuki, and Akbari & Alipour independently presented a necessary and sufficient condition for edge-colored graphs to have a heterochromatic spanning tree, where a heterochromatic spanning tree is a spanning tree whose edges have distinct colors. In this paper, we propose ff-chromatic graphs as a generalization of heterochromatic graphs. An edge-colored graph is ff-chromatic if each color cc appears on at most f(c)f(c) edges. We also present a necessary and sufficient condition for edge-colored graphs to have an ff-chromatic spanning forest with exactly mm components. Moreover, using this criterion, we show that a gg-chromatic graph GG of order nn with ∣E(G)∣>(nβˆ’m2)|E(G)|>\binom{n-m}{2} has an ff-chromatic spanning forest with exactly mm (1≀m≀nβˆ’11 \le m \le n-1) components if g(c)β‰€βˆ£E(G)∣nβˆ’mf(c)g(c) \le \frac{|E(G)|}{n-m}f(c) for any color cc.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figure
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