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    ๊ฐ€์ƒํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ชธ์˜ ์ž์„ธ์™€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ธ์ง€, ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋™๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ, ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฉ€๋ฏธ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์ธ์ง€๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2021. 2. ์ด๊ฒฝ๋ฏผ.๊ฐ€์ƒํ˜„์‹ค์€ ๋ชธ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋œ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ชธ์€ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์ƒํ˜„์‹ค์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ชธ์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ๋น„์ฒดํ™”๋œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹คํ–‰, ์ฃผ์˜์ง‘์ค‘, ๊ธฐ์–ต, ์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋“ค์ด ๋ชธ์˜ ์ž์„ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ชธ ์ž์„ธ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐ€์ƒํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ชธ์˜ ์ž์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ฐ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์ง€๊ณผ์ •์— ์–ด๋–ค ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ƒํ˜„์‹ค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ƒํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์ƒํ˜„์‹ค ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ์€ ๊ฐ€์ƒ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ์˜์‹์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ƒํ˜„์‹ค ์† ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์‹ค์žฌ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ์˜์‹์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ์ด ๋†’์„ ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ˜„์‹ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ์€ ๊ฐ€์ƒํ˜„์‹ค ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ€์ƒ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜์‹์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ((๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค(being there)), ์ฆ‰ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ์€ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋œ ๊ฐ€์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ƒํ˜„์‹ค์€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฉ€๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฆ์ƒ์€ ๊ฐ€์ƒํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์•ฝํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์ƒํ˜„์‹ค ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฉ€๋ฏธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฉ€๋ฏธ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒํ˜„์‹ค ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ• ๋•Œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ์–ด์ง€๋Ÿฌ์›€, ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹ค, ๋‘ํ†ต, ๋•€ํ˜๋ฆผ, ๋ˆˆํ”ผ๋กœ๋„๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฉ€๋ฏธ์—๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋””์ž์ธ, ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์—…๋ฌด๋“ฑ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์›์ธ์„ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฉ€๋ฏธ ์ €๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒํ˜„์‹ค ๋ฐœ์ „์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ธ์ง€๋Š” 3์ฐจ์› ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์‹ ์ฒด ์›€์ง์ž„๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์ง€์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ƒ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์‹ ์ฒด ์›€์ง์ž„์€ ๋„ค๋น„๊ฒŒ์ด์…˜, ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์กฐ์ž‘, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐ€์ƒ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋„ค๋น„๊ฒŒ์ด์…˜์€ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๊ฐ€์ƒ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋„ค๋น„๊ฒŒ์ด์…˜ ํ• ๋•Œ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ฉ€๋ฏธ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋™ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹œ์ ์ด ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ฒดํ™”๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ€์ƒ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชธ์˜ ์ž์„ธ, ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ธ์ง€, ์ด๋™๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ, ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฉ€๋ฏธ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ƒํ˜„์‹ค ์† ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋„ค๋น„๊ฒŒ์ด์…˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์ง€๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๋ฉ€๋ฏธ์— ๋‚ด์žฌ๋œ ๋งค์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชธ์˜ ์ž์„ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธ์ง€์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฉ€๋ฏธ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” 1์ธ์นญ๊ณผ 3์ธ์นญ ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์ƒํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ชธ์˜ ์ž์„ธ์™€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ธ์ง€, ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋™๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ, ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฉ€๋ฏธ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” 3์ธ์นญ์‹œ์ ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 3์ธ์นญ์‹œ์  ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋ชธ์˜ ์ž์„ธ์™€ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชธ์˜ ์ž์„ธ (์„œ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์„ธ, ์•‰์€ ์ž์„ธ, ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํŽด๊ณ  ์•‰์€ ์ž์„ธ)์™€ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ํƒ€์ž…์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋™ ์ž์œ ๋„ (๋ฌดํ•œ, ์œ ํ•œ)๋ฅผ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋™ ์ž์œ ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฌดํ•œํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„œ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์„ธ์—์„œ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ์ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ƒ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋ชธ์˜ ์ž์„ธ์™€ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋™์ž์œ ๋„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ค‘ ์ฃผ์˜์ง‘์ค‘์ด ๋ชธ์˜ ์ž์„ธ, ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ, ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ธ์ง€์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3์ธ์นญ์‹œ์ ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ชธ ์ž์„ธ์˜ ์ธ์ง€์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋™์ž์œ ๋„์™€ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” 1์ธ์นญ์‹œ์ ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1์ธ์นญ์‹œ์  ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋ชธ์˜ ์ž์„ธ, ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋™๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ, ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฉ€๋ฏธ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ชธ์˜ ์ž์„ธ (์„œ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์„ธ, ์•‰์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์„ธ)์™€ ๋„ค๊ฐ€์ง€ ํƒ€์ž…์˜ ์ด๋™๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• (์Šคํ‹ฐ์–ด๋ง + ๋ชธ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ํšŒ์ „, ์Šคํ‹ฐ์–ด๋ง + ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ํšŒ์ „, ํ…”๋ ˆํฌํ…Œ์ด์…˜ + ๋ชธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํšŒ์ „, ํ…”๋ ˆํฌํ…Œ์ด์…˜ + ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ํšŒ์ „)์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋น„๊ต๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์œ„์น˜์ด๋™๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ํšŒ์ „๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋™์ž์œ ๋„๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋„ค๋น„๊ฒŒ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” ์Šคํ‹ฐ์–ด๋ง ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ž๊ฐ€์šด๋™์„ ๋†’์—ฌ ๋น„์—ฐ์†์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ ํ…”๋ ˆํฌํ…Œ์ด์…˜๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฉ€๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋” ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1์ธ์นญ์‹œ์ ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์ƒ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋„ค๋น„๊ฒŒ์ด์…˜์„ ํ• ๋•Œ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฉ€๋ฏธ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋™๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ3์žฅ์˜ 3์ธ์นญ ์‹œ์  ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ชธ์˜ ์ž์„ธ์™€ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ์€ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ œ4์žฅ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด 1์ธ์นญ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ƒ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋„ค๋น„๊ฒŒ์ด์…˜ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋™๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฉ€๋ฏธ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ์‹คํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ƒํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ชธ์˜ ์ž์„ธ์™€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ธ์ง€ (๋„ค๋น„๊ฒŒ์ด์…˜)์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฉ€๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋™๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.Immersive virtual environments (VEs) can disrupt the everyday connection between where our senses tell us we are and where we are actually located. In computer-mediated communication, the user often comes to feel that their body has become irrelevant and that it is only the presence of their mind that matters. However, virtual worlds offer users an opportunity to become aware of and explore both the role of the physical body in communication, and the implications of disembodied interactions. Previous research has suggested that cognitive functions such as execution, attention, memory, and perception differ when body position changes. However, the influence of body position on these cognitive functions is still not fully understood. In particular, little is known about how physical self-positioning may affect the cognitive process of perceptual responses in a VE. Some researchers have identified presence as a guide to what constitutes an effective virtual reality (VR) system and as the defining feature of VR. Presence is a state of consciousness related to the sense of being within a VE; in particular, it is a โ€˜psychological state in which the virtuality of the experience is unnoticedโ€™. Higher levels of presence are considered to be an indicator of a more successful media experience, thus the psychological experience of โ€˜being thereโ€™ is an important construct to consider when investigating the association between mediated experiences on cognition. VR is known to induce cybersickness, which limits its application and highlights the need for scientific strategies to optimize virtual experiences. Cybersickness refers to the sickness associated with the use of VR systems, which has a range of symptoms including nausea, disorientation, headaches, sweating and eye strain. This is a complicated problem because the experience of cybersickness varies greatly between individuals, the technology being used, the design of the environment, and the task being performed. Thus, avoiding cybersickness represents a major challenge for VR development. Spatial cognition is an invariable precursor to action because it allows the formation of the necessary mental representations that code the positions of and relationships among objects. Thus, a number of bodily actions are represented mentally within a depicted VR space, including those functionally related to navigation, the manipulation of objects, and/or interaction with other agents. Of these actions, navigation is one of the most important and frequently used interaction tasks in VR environments. Therefore, identifying an efficient locomotion technique that does not alter presence nor cause motion sickness has become the focus of numerous studies. Though the details of the results have varied, past research has revealed that viewpoint can affect the sense of presence and the sense of embodiment. VR experience differs depending on the viewpoint of a user because this vantage point affects the actions of the user and their engagement with objects. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the association between body position, spatial cognition, locomotion method, presence, and cybersickness based on viewpoint, which may clarify the understanding of cognitive processes in VE navigation. To date, numerous detailed studies have been conducted to explore the mechanisms underlying presence and cybersickness in VR. However, few have investigated the cognitive effects of body position on presence and cybersickness. With this in mind, two separate experiments were conducted in the present study on viewpoint within VR (i.e., third-person and first-person perspectives) to further the understanding of the effects of body position in relation to spatial cognition, locomotion method, presence, and cybersickness in VEs. In Chapter 3 (Experiment 1: third-person perspective), three body positions (standing, sitting, and half-sitting) were compared in two types of VR game with a different degree of freedom in navigation (DFN; finite and infinite) to explore the association between body position and the sense of presence in VEs. The results of the analysis revealed that standing has the most significant effect on presence for the three body positions that were investigated. In addition, the outcomes of this study indicated that the cognitive effect of body position on presence is associated with the DFN in a VE. Specifically, cognitive activity related to attention orchestrates the cognitive processes associated with body position, presence, and spatial cognition, consequently leading to an integrated sense of presence in VR. It can thus be speculated that the cognitive effects of body position on presence are correlated with the DFN in a VE. In Chapter 4 (Experiment 2: first-person perspective), two body positions (standing and sitting) and four types of locomotion method (steering + embodied control [EC], steering + instrumental control [IC], teleportation + EC, and teleportation + IC) were compared to examine the relationship between body position, locomotion method, presence, and cybersickness when navigating a VE. The results of Experiment 2 suggested that the DFN for translation and rotation is related to successful navigation and affects the sense of presence when navigating a VE. In addition, steering locomotion (continuous motion) increases self-motion when navigating a VE, which results in stronger cybersickness than teleportation (non-continuous motion). Overall, it can be postulated that presence and cybersickness are associated with the method of locomotion when navigating a VE. In this dissertation, the overall results of Experiment 1 suggest that the cognitive influence of presence is body-dependent in the sense that mental and brain processes rely on or are affected by the physical body. On the other hand, the outcomes of Experiment 2 illustrate the significant effects of locomotion method on the sense of presence and cybersickness during VE navigation. Taken together, the results of this study provide new insights into the cognitive effects of body position on spatial cognition (i.e., navigation) in VR and highlight the important implications of locomotion method on presence and cybersickness in VE navigation.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. An Introductory Overview of the Conducted Research 1 1.1.1. Presence and Body Position 1 1.1.2. Navigation, Cybersickness, and Locomotion Method 3 1.2. Research Objectives 6 1.3. Research Experimental Approach 7 Chapter 2. Theoretical Background 9 2.1. Presence 9 2.1.1. Presence and Virtual Reality 9 2.1.2. Presence and Spatiality 10 2.1.3. Presence and Action 12 2.1.4. Presence and Attention 14 2.2. Body Position 16 2.2.1. Body Position and Cognitive Effects 16 2.2.2. Body Position and Postural Control 18 2.2.3. Body Position and Postural Stability 19 2.3. Spatial Cognition: Degree of Freedom in Navigation 20 2.3.1. Degree of Freedom in Navigation and Decision-Making 20 2.4. Cybersickness 22 2.4.1. Cybersickness and Virtual Reality 22 2.4.2. Sensory Conflict Theory 22 2.4.3. Postural Instability Theory 23 2.5. Self-Motion 25 2.5.1. Vection and Virtual Reality 25 2.5.2. Self-Motion and Navigation in a VE 27 2.6. Navigation in Virtual Environments 29 2.6.1. Translation and Rotation in Navigation 29 2.6.2. Spatial Orientation and Embodiment 32 2.6.3. Locomotion Methods 37 2.6.4. Steering and Teleportation 38 Chapter 3. Experiment 1: Third-Person Perspective 40 3.1. Quantification of the Degree of Freedom in Navigation 40 3.2. Experiment 3.2.1. Experimental Design and Participants 41 3.2.2. Stimulus Materials 42 3.2.2.1. First- and Third-person Perspectives in Gameplay 43 3.2.3. Experimental Setup and Process 44 3.2.4. Measurements 45 3.3. Results 45 3.3.1. Presence: two-way ANOVA 45 3.3.2. Presence: one-way ANOVA 46 3.3.2.1. Finite Navigation Freedom 46 3.3.2.2. Infinite Navigation Freedom 47 3.3.3. Summary of the Results 48 3.4. Discussion 49 3.4.1. Presence and Body Position 49 3.4.2. Degree of Freedom in Navigation and Decision-Making 50 3.4.3. Gender Difference and Gameplay 51 3.5. Limitations 52 Chapter 4. Experiment 2: First-Person Perspective 53 4.1. Experiment 53 4.1.1. Experimental Design and Participants 53 4.1.2. Stimulus Materials 54 4.1.3. Experimental Setup and Process 55 4.1.4. Measurements 56 4.2. Results 57 4.2.1. Presence: two-way ANOVA 58 4.2.2. Cybersickness: two-way ANOVA 58 4.2.3. Presence: one-way ANOVA 60 4.2.3.1. Standing Position 60 4.2.3.2. Sitting Position 60 4.2.4. Cybersickness: one-way ANOVA 62 4.2.4.1. Standing Position 62 4.2.4.2. Sitting Position 62 4.2.5. Summary of the Results 63 4.3. Discussion 65 4.3.1. Presence 4.3.1.1. Presence and Locomotion Method 66 4.3.1.2. Presence and Body Position 68 4.3.2. Cybersickness 4.3.2.1. Cybersickness and Locomotion Method 69 4.3.2.2. Cybersickness and Body Position 70 4.4. Limitations 71 Chapter 5. Conclusion 72 5.1. Summary of Findings 72 5.2. Future Research Direction 73 References 75 Appendix A 107 Appendix B 110 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 111Docto

    The Effects of Primary and Secondary Task Workloads on Cybersickness in Immersive Virtual Active Exploration Experiences

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    Virtual reality (VR) technology promises to transform humanity. The technology enables users to explore and interact with computer-generated environments that can be simulated to approximate or deviate from reality. This creates an endless number of ways to propitiously apply the technology in our lives. It follows that large technological conglomerates are pushing for the widespread adoption of VR, financing the creation of the Metaverse - a hypothetical representation of the next iteration of the internet. Even with VR technology\u27s continuous growth, its widespread adoption remains long overdue. This can largely be attributed to an affliction called cybersickness, an analog to motion sickness, which often manifests in users as an undesirable side-effect of VR experiences, inhibiting its sustained usage. This makes it highly important to study factors related to the malady. The tasks performed in a simulated environment provide context, purpose, and meaning to the experience. Active exploration experiences afford users control over their motion, primarily allowing them to navigate through an environment. While navigating, users may also have to engage in secondary tasks that can be distracting. These navigation and distraction tasks differ in terms of the source and magnitude of attentional demands involved, potentially influencing how cyber-sickening a simulation can be. Given the sparse literature in this area, this dissertation sets out to investigate how the interplay between these factors impacts the onset and severity of sickness, thereby contributing to the knowledge base on how the attentional demands associated with the tasks performed during navigation affect cybersickness in virtual reality

    Use of Incremental Adaptation and Habituation Regimens for Mitigating Optokinetic Side-effects

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    The use of incremental and repeated exposures regimens have been put forth as effective means to mitigate visually induced motion sickness based on the Dual Process Theory (DPT) (Groves & Thompson, 1970) of neural plasticity. In essence, DPT suggests that by incrementing stimulus intensity the depression opponent process should be allowed to exert greater control over the net outcome than the sensitization opponent process, thereby minimizing side-effects. This conceptual model was tested by empirically validating the effectiveness of adaptation, incremental adaptation, habituation, and incremental habituation regimens to mitigate side-effects arising from exposure to an optokinetic drum. Forty college students from the University of Central Florida participated in the experimentation and were randomly assigned to a regimen. Efforts were taken to balance distribution of participants in the treatments for gender and motion sickness susceptibility. Results indicated that overall, the application of an incremental regimen is effective in reducing side-effects (e.g. malaise, dropout rates, postural instabilities, etc.) when compared to a non-incremented regimen, whether it be a one-time or repeated exposure. Furthermore, the application of the Motion History Questionnaire (MHQ) (Graybiel & Kennedy, 1965) for identifying high and low motion sickness susceptible individuals proved effective. Finally, gender differences in motion sickness were not found in this experiment as a result of balancing susceptibility with the gender subject variable. Findings from this study can be used to aid effective design of virtual environment (VE) usage regimens in an effort to manage cybersickness. Through pre-exposure identification of susceptible individuals via the MHQ, exposure protocols can be devised that may extend limits on exposure durations, mitigate side-effects, reduce dropout rates, and possibly increase training effectiveness. This document contains a fledgling set of guidelines form VE usage that append those under development by Stanney, Kennedy, & Kingdon (In press) and other previously established guidelines form simulator use (Kennedy et al., 1987). It is believed that through proper allocation of effective VE usage regimens cybersickness can be managed, if susceptible individuals are identified prior to exposure

    Software techniques for improving head mounted displays to create comfortable user experiences in virtual reality

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    Head Mounted Displays (HMDs) allow users to experience Virtual Reality (VR) with a great level of immersion. Advancements in hardware technologies have led to a reduction in cost of producing good quality VR HMDs bringing them out from research labs to consumer markets. However, the current generation of HMDs suffer from a few fundamental problems that can deter their widespread adoption. For this thesis, we explored two techniques to overcome some of the challenges of experiencing VR when using HMDs. When experiencing VR with HMDs strapped to your head, even simple physical tasks like drinking a beverage can be difficult and awkward. We explored mixed reality renderings that selectively incorporate the physical world into the virtual world for interactions with physical objects. We conducted a user study comparing four rendering techniques that balance immersion in the virtual world with ease of interaction with the physical world. Users of VR systems often experience vection, the perception of self-motion in the absence of any physical movement. While vection helps to improve presence in VR, it often leads to a form of motion sickness called cybersickness. Prior work has discovered that changing vection (changing the perceived speed or moving direction) causes more severe cybersickness than steady vection (walking at a constant speed or in a constant direction). Based on this idea, we tried to reduce cybersickness caused by character movements in a First Person Shooter (FPS) game in VR. We propose Rotation Blurring (RB), uniformly blurring the screen during rotational movements to reduce cybersickness. We performed a user study to evaluate the impact of RB in reducing cybersickness and found that RB led to an overall reduction in sickness levels of the participants and delayed its onset. Participants who experienced acute levels of cybersickness benefited significantly from this technique

    Evaluation of Detecting Cybersickness via VR HMD Positional Measurements Under Realistic Usage Conditions.

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    With the resurgence of virtual reality, head-mounted displays (VR HMD) technologies since 2015, VR technology is becoming ever more present in people's day-to-day lives. However, one significant barrier to this progress is a condition called cybersickness, a form of motion sickness induced by the usage of VR HMDโ€™s. It is often debilitating to sufferers, resulting in symptoms anywhere from mild discomfort to full-on vomiting. Much research effort focuses on identifying the cause of and solution to this problem, with many studies reporting various factors that influence cybersickness, such as vection and field of view. However, there is often disagreement in these studies' results and comparing the results is often complicated as stimuli used for the experiments vary wildly. This study theorised that these results' mismatch might partially be down to the different mental loads of these tasks, which may influence cybersickness and stability-based measurement methods such as postural stability captured by the centre of pressure (COP) measurements. One recurring desire in these research projects is the idea of using the HMD device itself to capture the stability of the users head. However, measuring the heads position via the VR HMD is known to have inaccuracies meaning a perfect representation of the heads position cannot be measured. This research took the HTC Vive headset and used it to capture the head position of multiple subjects experiencing two different VR environments under differing levels of cognitive load. The design of these test environments reflected normal VR usage. This research found that the VR HMD measurements in this scenario may be a suitable proxy for recording instability. However, the underlying method was greatly influenced by other factors, with cognitive load (5.4% instability increase between the low and high load conditions) and test order (2.4% instability decrease between first run and second run conditions) having a more significant impact on the instability recorded than the onset of cybersickness (2% instability increase between sick and well participants). Also, separating participants suffering from cybersickness from unaffected participants was not possible based upon the recorded motion alone. Additionally, attempts to capture stability data during actual VR gameplay in specific areas of possible head stability provided mixed results and failed to identify participants exhibiting symptoms of cybersickness successfully. In conclusion, this study finds that while a proxy measurement for head stability is obtainable from an HTC Vive headset, the results recorded in no way indicate cybersickness onset. Additionally, the study proves cognitive load and test order significantly impact stability measurements recorded in this way. As such, this approach would need calibration on a case-by-case basis if used to detect cybersickness

    Duration and exposure to virtual environments: Sickness curves during and across sessions

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    Although simulator sickness is known to increase with protracted exposure and to diminish with repeated sessions, limited systematic research has been performed in these areas. This study reviewed the few studies with sufficient information available to determine the effect-that exposure duration and repeated exposure have on motion sickness. This evaluation confirmed that longer exposures produce more symptoms and that total sickness subsides over repeated exposures. Additional evaluation was performed to investigate the precise form of this relationship and to determine whether the same form was generalizable across varied simulator environments. The results indicated that exposure duration and repeated exposures are significantly linearly related to sickness outcomes (duration being positively related and repetition negatively related to total sickness). This was true over diverse systems and large subject pools. This result verified the generalizability of-the relationships among sickness, exposure duration, and repeated exposures. Additional research is indicated to determine the optimal length of a single exposure and the optimal intersession interval to facilitate adaptation
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