Exploring the movement dynamics of deception

Both the science and the everyday practice of detecting a lie rest on the same assumption: hidden cognitive states that the liar would like to remain hidden nevertheless influence observable behavior. This assumption has good evidence. The insights of professional interrogators, anecdotal evidence, and body language textbooks have all built up a sizeable catalog of non-verbal cues that have been claimed to distinguish deceptive and truthful behavior. Typically, these cues are discrete, individual behaviors—a hand touching a mouth, the rise of a brow—that distinguish lies from truths solely in terms of their frequency or duration. Research to date has failed to establish any of these non-verbal cues as a reliable marker of deception. Here we argue that perhaps this is because simple tallies of behavior can miss out on the rich but subtle organization of behavior as it unfolds over time. Research in cognitive science from a dynamical systems perspective has shown that behavior is structured across multiple timescales, with more or less regularity and structure. Using tools that are sensitive to these dynamics, we analyzed body motion data from an experiment that put participants in a realistic situation of choosing, or not, to lie to an experimenter. Our analyses indicate that when being deceptive, continuous fluctuations of movement in the upper face, and somewhat in the arms, are characterized by dynamical properties of less stability, but greater complexity. For the upper face, these distinctions are present despite no apparent differences in the overall amount of movement between deception and truth. We suggest that these unique dynamical signatures of motion are indicative of both the cognitive demands inherent to deception and the need to respond adaptively in a social context

L’INTELLECT INCARNÉ: Sur les interprétations computationnelles, évolutives et philosophiques de la connaissance

Modern cognitive science cannot be understood without recent developments in computer science, artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, neuroscience, biology, linguistics, and psychology. Classic analytic philosophy as well as traditional AI assumed that all kinds of knowledge must eplicitly be represented by formal or programming languages. This assumption is in contradiction to recent insights into the biology of evolution and developmental psychology of the human organism. Most of our knowledge is implicit and unconscious. It is not formally represented, but embodied knowledge which is learnt by doing and understood by bodily interacting with ecological niches and social environments. That is true not only for low-level skills, but even for high-level domains of categorization, language, and abstract thinking. Embodied cognitive science, AI, and robotics try to build the embodied mind in an artificial evolution. From a philosophical point of view, it is amazing that the new ideas of embodied mind and robotics have deep roots in 20th-century philosophy.Die moderne Kognitionswissenschaft kann nicht verstanden werden ohne Einbeziehung der neuesten Errungenschaften aus der Computerwissenschaft, künstlichen Intelligenz (AI), Robotik, Neurowissenschaft, Biologie, Linguistik und Psychologie. Die klassische analytische Philosophie, wie auch die traditionelle AI, setzten voraus, dass alle Arten des Wissens explizit durch formale oder Programmsprachen dargestellt werden müssen. Diese Annahme steht im Widerspruch zu den rezenten Einsichten in die Evolutionsbiologie und Entwicklungspsychologie des menschlichen Organismus. Der größte Teil unseres Wissens ist implizit und unbewusst. Es ist kein formal repräsentiertes, sondern ein verkörpertes Wissen, das durch Handeln gelernt und durch körperliche Interaktion mit ökologischen Nischen und gesellschaftlichen Umgebungen verstanden wird. Dies gilt nicht nur für niedere Fertigkeiten, sondern auch für höher gestellte Domänen: Kategorisierung, Sprache und abstraktes Denken. Die verkörperte Erkenntniswissenschaft, AI und Robotik versuchen, den verkörperten Geist in einer artifiziellen Evolution zu bilden. Vom philosophischen Standpunkt gesehen ist es erstaunlich, wie tief die neuen Ideen des verkörperten Geistes und der Robotik in der Philosophie des 20. Jahrhunderts verankert sind.La science cognitive moderne ne peut être comprise sans les progrès récents en informatique, intelligence artificielle, robotique, neuroscience, biologie, linguistique et psychologie. La philosophie analytique classique et l’intelligence artificielle traditionnelle présumaient que toutes les sortes de savoir devaient être représentées explicitement par des langages formels ou programmatiques. Cette thèse est en contradiction avec les découvertes récentes en biologie de l’évolution et en psychologie évolutive de l’organisme humain. La majeure partie de notre savoir est implicite et inconsciente. Elle n’est pas représentée formellement, mais constitue un savoir incarné, qui s’acquiert par l’action et se comprend en interaction corporelle avec nos niches écologiques et nos environnements sociaux. Cela n’est pas seulement vrai pour nos aptitudes élémentaires, mais aussi pour nos facultés supérieures de catégorisation, de langage et de pensée abstraite. Science cognitive incarnée, l’intelligence artificielle, ainsi que la robotique, tentent de construire un intellect incarné en évolution artificielle. Du point de vue philosophique, il est admirable de voir à quel point les nouvelles idées d’intellect incarné et de robotique sont ancrées dans la philosophie du XXe siècle

Both Facts and Feelings: Emotion and News Literacy

News literacy education has long focused on the significance of facts, sourcing, and verifiability. While these are critical aspects of news, rapidly developing emotion analytics technologies intended to respond to and even alter digital news audiences’ emotions also demand that we pay greater attention to the role of emotion in news consumption. This essay explores the role of emotion in the “fake news” phenomenon and the implementation of emotion analytics tools in news distribution. I examine the function of emotion in news consumption and the status of emotion within existing news literacy training programs. Finally, I offer suggestions for addressing emotional responses to news with students, including both mindfulness techniques and psychological research on thinking processes

Strategies for Advancing Evolution

As detailed in The Evolutionary Manifesto and Evolution’s Arrow, an understanding of the large-scale processes that govern the evolution of life is capable of making sense of human existence. This evolutionary worldview is revealing that we are not just meaningless accidents in a universe that is indifferent to our existence. Instead it shows that humanity has a critical role to play in the future evolution of life on this planet and in the universe. But what specifically do we need to do to advance the evolutionary process and ensure that humanity successfully fulfils its role in the future evolution of life? This paper uses the direction of evolution to answer this fundamental question. It identifies the next great steps in evolution on Earth, and devises strategies that will help actualize those steps

Assistive robotics: research challenges and ethics education initiatives

Assistive robotics is a fast growing field aimed at helping healthcarers in hospitals, rehabilitation centers and nursery homes, as well as empowering people with reduced mobility at home, so that they can autonomously fulfill their daily living activities. The need to function in dynamic human-centered environments poses new research challenges: robotic assistants need to have friendly interfaces, be highly adaptable and customizable, very compliant and intrinsically safe to people, as well as able to handle deformable materials. Besides technical challenges, assistive robotics raises also ethical defies, which have led to the emergence of a new discipline: Roboethics. Several institutions are developing regulations and standards, and many ethics education initiatives include contents on human-robot interaction and human dignity in assistive situations. In this paper, the state of the art in assistive robotics is briefly reviewed, and educational materials from a university course on Ethics in Social Robotics and AI focusing on the assistive context are presented.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Chimpanzee faces under the magnifying glass: emerging methods reveal cross-species similarities and individuality

Independently, we created descriptive systems to characterize chimpanzee facial behavior, responding to a common need to have an objective, standardized coding system to ask questions about primate facial behaviors. Even with slightly different systems, we arrive at similar outcomes, with convergent conclusions about chimpanzee facial mobility. This convergence is a validation of the importance of the approach, and provides support for the future use of a facial action coding system for chimpanzees,ChimpFACS. Chimpanzees share many facial behaviors with those of humans. Therefore, processes and mechanisms that explain individual differences in facial activity can be compared with the use of a standardized systems such asChimpFACSandFACS. In this chapter we describe our independent methodological approaches, comparing how we arrived at our facial coding categories. We present some Action Descriptors (ADs) from Gaspar’s initial studies, especially focusing on an ethogram of chimpanzee and bonobo facial behavior, based on studies conducted between 1997 and 2004 at three chimpanzee colonies (The Detroit Zoo; Cleveland Metroparks Zoo; and Burger’s Zoo) and two bonobo colonies (The Columbus Zoo and Aquarium; The Milwaukee County Zoo). We discuss the potential significance of arising issues, the minor qualitative species differences that were found, and the larger quantitative differences in particular facial behaviors observed between species, e.g., bonobos expressed more movements containing particular action units (Brow Lowerer, Lip Raiser, Lip Corner Puller) compared with chimpanzees. The substantial interindividual variation in facial behavior within each species was most striking. Considering individual differences and the impact of development, we highlight the flexibility in facial activity of chimpanzees. We discuss the meaning of facial behaviors in nonhuman primates, addressing specifically individual attributes of Social Attraction, facial expressivity, and the connection of facial behavior to emotion. We do not rule out the communicative function of facial behavior, in which case an individual’s properties of facial behavior are seen as influencing his or her social life, but provide strong arguments in support of the role of facial behavior in the expression of internal states

Coping with Sales Call Anxiety and Its Effects on Protective Actions

We study how salespeople cope with sales call anxiety and find that two tactics ultimately reduce dysfunctional protective actions in selling interactions. That is, situation modification and attentional deployment both moderate the effects of felt physiological sensations and anxiety on protective actions.attentional deployment;coping;sales call anxiety;situation modification

Emotional Intelligence and Innovative Work Behaviour: A Review

With the headway of globalization, the achievement and endurance of an organisation are pawned to innovation and adaptability. Innovation plays a crucial role in gaining a competitive advantage within the organization. For any organization to be innovative, employees' innovative work behavior assumes an indispensable role. Capturing innovative ideas from employees at different levels, building an active and collaborative workforce within organisation, recognizing employees’ effort, and communicating effectively with all stakeholders are the vital building blocks of innovation. Building the culture of innovation that drives productive and sustainable innovation practices can spark from within the workforce helping organizations to remain competitive and stay ahead in the long haul. Research indicates that innovation and creativity are attained through emotional intelligence. Given this contention, the purpose of this paper is to examine the role emotional intelligence plays in bringing innovative work behavior within the employees. An extensive literature review on the said constructs was conducted where both variables were studied independently and the linkages that both variables exhibit together were also studied from different database sources like Emerald insight, Science Direct, Taylor and Francis, Springer, Google Scholar, etc. and also, the models of emotional intelligence were put forth

Re-embodied fear : Designing deep learning methods in virtual reality to unravel emotional body loops

This thesis is an experimental research that theoretically examines the ontological nature of virtual reality (VR) and its possible implications to be used in designing new emotional learning environments and experiences. The focus is set on fear as an emotion that physically and mentally manifests itself as a specific phobia. The applications of using virtual reality as a psychological tool for treating negative emotions are questioned by making apparent the unanswered questions about our emotions and perception taking abilities. Through different case studies related to the manipulations of our sense of embodiment in VR, the plasticity of our mind and body is researched and applied into emotion theories. The thesis examines how VR could be harnessed to reveal the phenomenal ‘body loops’ with the help of sensor technology (HRV) and ultimately, be designed to unravel the maladaptive loops. Hypothetically, it considers taking advantage of the virtual space design and our sense of embodiment by literally creating new perspectives for experiencing through virtual body manipulations. Through problematization and the ideology of ontological design, it is suggested that we should adapt more radical design in VR to overcome the existing scientific paradigms about emotional learning