794 research outputs found
Architecture of Micro Energy Harvesting Using Hybrid Input of RF, Thermal and Vibration for Semi-Active RFID Tag
This research work presents a novel architecture of Hybrid Input Energy Harvester (HIEH) system for semi-active Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags. The proposed architecture consists of three input sources of energy which are radio frequency signal, thermal and vibration. The main purpose is to solve the semi-active RFID tags limited lifespan issues due to the need for batteries to power their circuitries. The focus will be on the rectifiers and DC-DC converter circuits with an ultra-low power design to ensure low power consumption in the system. The design architecture will be modelled and simulated using PSpice software, Verilog coding using Mentor Graphics and real-time verification using field-programmable gate array board before being implemented in a 0.13 ”m CMOS technology. Our expectations of the results from this architecture are it can deliver 3.3 V of output voltage, 6.5 mW of output power and 90% of efficiency when all input sources are simultaneously harvested. The contribution of this work is it able to extend the lifetime of semi-active tag by supplying electrical energy continuously to the device. Thus, this will indirectly reduce the energy limitation problem, eliminate the dependency on batteries and make it possible to achieve a batteryless device.This research work presents a novel architecture of Hybrid Input Energy Harvester (HIEH) system for semi-active Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags. The proposed architecture consists of three input sources of energy which are radio frequency signal, thermal and vibration. The main purpose is to solve the semi-active RFID tags limited lifespan issues due to the need for batteries to power their circuitries. The focus will be on the rectifiers and DC-DC converter circuits with an ultra-low power design to ensure low power consumption in the system. The design architecture will be modelled and simulated using PSpice software, Verilog coding using Mentor Graphics and real-time verification using field-programmable gate array board before being implemented in a 0.13 ”m CMOS technology. Our expectations of the results from this architecture are it can deliver 3.3 V of output voltage, 6.5 mW of output power and 90% of efficiency when all input sources are simultaneously harvested. The contribution of this work is it able to extend the lifetime of semi-active tag by supplying electrical energy continuously to the device. Thus, this will indirectly reduce the energy limitation problem, eliminate the dependency on batteries and make it possible to achieve a batteryless device
Energy harvesting methods for transmission lines: a comprehensive review
Humanity faces important challenges concerning the optimal use, security, and availability of energy systems, particularly electrical power systems and transmission lines. In this context, data-driven predictive maintenance plans make it possible to increase the safety, stability, reliability, and availability of electrical power systems. In contrast, strategies such as dynamic line rating (DLR) make it possible to optimize the use of power lines. However, these approaches require developing monitoring plans based on acquiring electrical data in real-time using different types of wireless sensors placed in strategic locations. Due to the specific conditions of the transmission lines, e.g., high electric and magnetic fields, this a challenging problem, aggravated by the harsh outdoor environments where power lines are built. Such sensors must also incorporate an energy harvesting (EH) unit that supplies the necessary electronics. Therefore, the EH unit plays a key role, so when designing such electronic systems, care must be taken to select the most suitable EH technology, which is currently evolving rapidly. This work reviews and analyzes the state-of-the-art technology for EH focused on transmission lines, as it is an area with enormous potential for expansion. In addition to recent advances, it also discusses the research needs and challenges that need to be addressed. Despite the importance of this topic, there is still much to investigate, as this area is still in its infancy. Although EH systems for transmission lines are reviewed, many other applications could potentially benefit from introducing wireless sensors with EH capabilities, such as power transformers, distribution switches, or low- and medium-voltage power lines, among others.This research was funded by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España, grant number PID2020-114240RB-I00 and by the Generalitat de Catalunya, grant number 2017 SGR 967.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft
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Pico-grid: Multiple Multitype Energy Harvesting System
This thesis focuses on the development of a low power energy harvesting system specifically
targeted for wireless sensor nodes (WSN) and wireless body area network (WBAN)
applications. The idea for the system is derived from the operation of a micro-grid and therefore
is termed as a pico-grid and it is capable of simultaneously delivering power from multiple and
multitype energy harvesters to the load at the same time, through the proposed parallel load
sharing mechanism achieved by a voltage droop control method. Solar panels and
thermoelectric generator (TEG) are demonstrated as the main energy harvesters for the system.
Since the magnitude of the output power of the harvesters is time-varying, the droop gain in
the droop feedback circuitry should be designed to be dynamic and self-adjusted according to
this variation. This ensures that the maximum power is capable to be delivered to the load at
all times. To achieve this, the droop gain is integrated with a light dependent resistor (LDR)
and thermistor whose resistance varies with the magnitude of the source of energy for the solar
panel and TEG, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate a successful variation
droop mechanism and all connected sources are able to share equal load demands between
them, with a maximum load sharing error of 5 %. The same mechanism is also demonstrated
to work for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) functionality. This concept can potentially
be extended to any other types of energy harvester.
The integration of energy storage elements becomes a necessity in the pico-grid, in order to
support the intermittent and sporadic nature of the output power for the harvesters. A
rechargeable battery and supercapacitor are integrated in the system, and each is accurately
designed to be charged when the loading in the system is low and discharged when the loading
in the system is high. The dc bus voltage which indicates the magnitude of the loading in the
system is utilised as the signal for the desired mode of operation. The constructed system
demonstrates a successful operation of charging and discharging at specific levels of loading
in the system.
The system is then integrated and the first wearable prototype of the pico-grid is built and
tested. A successful operation of the prototype is demonstrated and the load demand is shared
equally between the source converters and energy storage. Furthermore, the pico-grid is shown to possess an inherent plug-and-play capability for the source and load converters. Few
recommendations are presented in order to further improve the feasibility and reliability of the
prototype for real world applications.
Next, due to the opportunity of working with a new semiconductor compound and accessibility
to the fabrication facilities, a ZnON thin film diode is fabricated and intended to be
implemented as a flexible rectifier circuit. The fabrication process can be done at low
temperature, hence opening up the possibility of depositing the device on a flexible substrate.
From the temperature dependent I-V measurements, a novel method of extracting important
parameters such as ideality factor, barrier height, and series resistance of the diode based on a
curve fitting method is proposed. It is determined that the ideality factor of the fabricated diode
is high (> 2 at RT), due to the existence of other transport mechanism apart from thermionic
emission that dominates the conduction process at lower temperature. It is concluded that the
high series resistance of the fabricated diode (3.8 kΩ at RT) would mainly hinder the
performance of the diode in a rectifier circuit.Yayasan Khazanah & Cambridge Trus
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting: Enhancing Power Output by Device Optimisation and Circuit Techniques
Energy harvesting; that is, harvesting small amounts of energy from environmental
sources such as solar, air flow or vibrations using small-scale (â1cm
3
) devices, offers the
prospect of powering portable electronic devices such as GPS receivers and mobile
phones, and sensing devices used in remote applications: wireless sensor nodes, without
the use of batteries. Numerous studies have shown that power densities of energy
harvesting devices can be hundreds of ”W; however the literature also reveals that power
requirements of many electronic devices are in the mW range. Therefore, a key challenge
for the successful deployment of energy harvesting technology remains, in many cases,
the provision of adequate power. This thesis aims to address this challenge by
investigating two methods of enhancing the power output of a piezoelectric-based
vibration energy harvesting device. Cont/d
Study of systems powered by triboelectric generators for bioengineering applications
Treballs Finals de Grau d'Enginyeria BiomĂšdica. Facultat de Medicina i CiĂšncies de la Salut. Universitat de Barcelona. Curs: 2020-2021. Director: Pere LluĂs Miribel CatalĂ . Co-director: Manel Puig i Vida
Energy-aware Approaches for Energy Harvesting Powered Wireless Sensor Systems
Energy harvesting (EH) powered wireless sensor systems (WSSs) are gaining increasing popularity since they enable the system to be self-powering, long-lasting, almost maintenance-free, and environmentally friendly. However, the mismatch between energy generated by harvesters and energy demanded by WSS to perform the required tasks is always a bottleneck as the ambient environmental energy is limited, and the WSS is power hunger. Therefore, the thesis has proposed, designed, implemented, and tested the energy-aware approaches for wireless sensor motes (WSMs) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs), including hardware energy-aware interface (EAI), software EAI, sensing EAI and network energy-aware approaches to address this mismatch. The main contributions of this thesis to the research community are designing the energy-aware approaches for EH Powered WSMs and WSNs which enables a >30 times reduction in sleep power consumption of WSNs for successful EH powering WSNs without a start-up issue in the condition of mismatch between the energy generated by harvesters and energy demanded by WSSs in both mote and network systems. For EH powered WSM systems, the energy-aware approaches have (1) enabled the harvested energy to be accumulated in energy storage devices to deal with the mismatch for the operation of the WSMs without the start-up issue, (2) enabled a commercial available WSMs with a reduced sleep current from 28.3 ÎŒA to 0.95 ÎŒA for the developed WSM, (3) thus enabled the WSM operations for a long active time of about 1.15 s in every 7.79 s to sample and transmit a large number of data (e.g., 388 bytes), rather than a few ten milliseconds and a few bytes. For EH powered WSN systems, on top of energy-aware approached for EH powered WSM, the network energy-aware approaches have presented additional capabilities for network joining process for energy-saving and enabled EH powered WSNs. Once the EH powered WSM with the network energy-aware approach is powered up and began the network joining process, energy, as an example of 48.23 mJ for a tested case, has been saved in the case of the attempt to join the network unsuccessfully. Once the EH-WSM has joined the network successfully, the smart programme applications that incorporate the software EAI, sensing EAI and hardware EAI allow the EH powered WSM to achieve (4) asynchronous operation or (5) synchronised operation based on the energy available after the WSM has joined the network.Through designs, implementations, and analyses, it has been shown that the developed energy-aware approaches have provided an enabled capability for EH successfully powering WSS technologies in the condition of energy mismatch, and it has the potential to be used for wide industrial applications
Power management circuit: design and comparison of efficient techniques for ultra-low power analog switch and rectifier circuit
Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Eletrónica Industrial e Computadores,
Instrumentação e Microssistemas EletrónicosA presente dissertação de mestrado apresenta um estudo na årea de CMOS em circuitos
analĂłgicos/digitais para extração e conversĂŁo de potĂȘncia adequado para aplicaçÔes em energy
harvesting.
As principais contribuiçÔes cientĂficas deste trabalho sĂŁo: o desenvolvimento de circuitos de baixo
consumo energético, tais como um interruptor analógico e um retificador que podem extrair e converter
eficientemente a potĂȘncia de saĂda do energy harvester. Com os dois circuitos apresentados na presente
dissertação, Ă© possĂvel alimentar um nĂł de uma rede de sensores sem fios. Estes circuitos foram
projetados utilizando a tecnologia CMOS de 130 nm e as respetivas simulaçÔes foram realizadas
utilizando o software Cadence Virtuoso Analog Environment.
Neste trabalho projetou-se novo interruptor analógico para aplicaçÔes em energy harvesting com especial
atenção para a obtenção de um baixo consumo energético. A configuração apresentada consegue atingir
uma baixa resistĂȘncia, quando em condução (ON), e evitar correntes reversas indesejadas provenientes
da carga. Os resultados das simulaçÔes revelam que o circuito: consome uma potĂȘncia de 200.8 nW;
atinge uma baixa resistĂȘncia, quando em condução, de 216 âŠ; gera uma baixa corrente de fuga de 44
pA. Assim sendo, Ă© possĂvel verificar que este circuito consegue operar com um baixo consumo, baixa
tensĂŁo e com uma baixa frequĂȘncia. Para alĂ©m disso, o mesmo interruptor analĂłgico consegue realizar
a tĂ©cnica de up-conversion dentro do circuito de controlo de potĂȘncia, o que indica a possibilidade de o
mesmo contribuir para uma aplicação real com energy harvesters vibracionais.
O retificador em CMOS proposto Ă© constituĂdo por dois estĂĄgios: um passivo com um conversor de tensĂŁo
negativa; e um outro estĂĄgio com um dĂodo ativo controlado por um circuito de cancelamento de
threshold. O primeiro estĂĄgio Ă© responsĂĄvel por retificar completamente o sinal de entrada com uma
queda de tensĂŁo de 1 mV, enquanto que o Ășltimo tem a função de reduzir a corrente reversa indesejada,
o que consequentemente consegue aumentar a potĂȘncia transferida para a carga. Deste modo, o circuito
consegue atingir uma eficiĂȘncia em tensĂŁo e potĂȘncia de 99 % e 90%, respetivamente, para um sinal de
entrada com 0.45 V de amplitude e para cargas resistivas de valor baixo. Ainda assim, este circuito
consegue funcionar a uma banda de frequĂȘncias desde os 800 Hz atĂ© 51.2 kHz, o que se revela ser
promissor para a aplicação pråtica deste projeto.The master dissertation presents a study in the area of mixed analog/digital CMOS power extraction and
conversion circuits for Power Management Circuit (PMC) suitable for energy harvesting applications.
The main contributions of the work are the development of low power circuits, such as an Analog Switch
and a Rectifier, that can efficiently extract and convert the output power of the vibrational energy harvester
into suitable electric energy for powering a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) node. The circuit components
were fully designed in the standard 130 nm CMOS process, and the respective simulation experiments
were carried out using the Cadence Virtuoso Analog Environment.
A new Analog Switch was designed for energy harvesting applications with special consideration for
achieving low power consumption. The proposed structure can achieve a reduced ON-resistance and
avoid the reverse leakage current from the load. Simulation results reveal a power consumption of about
200.8 nW, a low ON-resistance of 244.6 âŠ, and a low leakage current of around 44 pA, which indicates
that the analog switch has features of low power consumption, low voltage, and low-frequency operation.
Furthermore, this switching circuit is suitable for performing the up-conversion technique in the PMC,
which may contribute to the real application of vibrational energy harvesters.
The proposed CMOS Rectifier consists of two stages, one passive stage with a negative voltage converter,
and another stage with an active diode controlled by a threshold cancellation circuit. The former stage
conducts the signal full-wave rectification with a voltage drop of 1 mV while the latter reduces the reverse
leakage current, consequently enhancing the output power delivered to the ohmic load. As a result, the
rectifier can achieve a voltage and a power conversion efficiency of over 99 % and 90 %, respectively, for
an input voltage of 0.45 V and low ohmic loads. This circuit works for an operating frequency range from
800 Hz to 51.2 kHz, which is promising for practical applications
Advanced Energy Harvesting Technologies
Energy harvesting is the conversion of unused or wasted energy in the ambient environment into useful electrical energy. It can be used to power small electronic systems such as wireless sensors and is beginning to enable the widespread and maintenance-free deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) technology. This Special Issue is a collection of the latest developments in both fundamental research and system-level integration. This Special Issue features two review papers, covering two of the hottest research topics in the area of energy harvesting: 3D-printed energy harvesting and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). These papers provide a comprehensive survey of their respective research area, highlight the advantages of the technologies and point out challenges in future development. They are must-read papers for those who are active in these areas. This Special Issue also includes ten research papers covering a wide range of energy-harvesting techniques, including electromagnetic and piezoelectric wideband vibration, wind, current-carrying conductors, thermoelectric and solar energy harvesting, etc. Not only are the foundations of these novel energy-harvesting techniques investigated, but the numerical models, power-conditioning circuitry and real-world applications of these novel energy harvesting techniques are also presented
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