121 research outputs found

    Multi-User Ultra-Massive MIMO for very high frequency bands (mmWave and THz): a resource allocation problem

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    A dynamic subarray allocation for multi-user massive MIMO systems working in very high frequency bands (mmWave and THz) is proposed as a promising technique to unleash the capacity limits in future cellular networks capable of supporting high consuming bandwidth applications

    Distributed Processing Methods for Extra Large Scale MIMO

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    Mathematical optimization and game theoretic methods for radar networks

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    Radar systems are undoubtedly included in the hall of the most momentous discoveries of the previous century. Although radars were initially used for ship and aircraft detection, nowadays these systems are used in highly diverse fields, expanding from civil aviation, marine navigation and air-defence to ocean surveillance, meteorology and medicine. Recent advances in signal processing and the constant development of computational capabilities led to radar systems with impressive surveillance and tracking characteristics but on the other hand the continuous growth of distributed networks made them susceptible to multisource interference. This thesis aims at addressing vulnerabilities of modern radar networks and further improving their characteristics through the design of signal processing algorithms and by utilizing convex optimization and game theoretic methods. In particular, the problems of beamforming, power allocation, jammer avoidance and uncertainty within the context of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar networks are addressed. In order to improve the beamforming performance of phased-array and MIMO radars employing two-dimensional arrays of antennas, a hybrid two-dimensional Phased-MIMO radar with fully overlapped subarrays is proposed. The work considers both adaptive (convex optimization, CAPON beamformer) and non-adaptive (conventional) beamforming techniques. The transmit, receive and overall beampatterns of the Phased-MIMO model are compared with the respective beampatterns of the phased-array and the MIMO schemes, proving that the hybrid model provides superior capabilities in beamforming. By incorporating game theoretic techniques in the radar field, various vulnerabilities and problems can be investigated. Hence, a game theoretic power allocation scheme is proposed and a Nash equilibrium analysis for a multistatic MIMO network is performed. A network of radars is considered, organized into multiple clusters, whose primary objective is to minimize their transmission power, while satisfying a certain detection criterion. Since no communication between the clusters is assumed, non-cooperative game theoretic techniques and convex optimization methods are utilized to tackle the power adaptation problem. During the proof of the existence and the uniqueness of the solution, which is also presented, important contributions on the SINR performance and the transmission power of the radars have been derived. Game theory can also been applied to mitigate jammer interference in a radar network. Hence, a competitive power allocation problem for a MIMO radar system in the presence of multiple jammers is investigated. The main objective of the radar network is to minimize the total power emitted by the radars while achieving a specific detection criterion for each of the targets-jammers, while the intelligent jammers have the ability to observe the radar transmission power and consequently decide its jamming power to maximize the interference to the radar system. In this context, convex optimization methods, noncooperative game theoretic techniques and hypothesis testing are incorporated to identify the jammers and to determine the optimal power allocation. Furthermore, a proof of the existence and the uniqueness of the solution is presented. Apart from resource allocation applications, game theory can also address distributed beamforming problems. More specifically, a distributed beamforming and power allocation technique for a radar system in the presence of multiple targets is considered. The primary goal of each radar is to minimize its transmission power while attaining an optimal beamforming strategy and satisfying a certain detection criterion for each of the targets. Initially, a strategic noncooperative game (SNG) is used, where there is no communication between the various radars of the system. Subsequently, a more coordinated game theoretic approach incorporating a pricing mechanism is adopted. Furthermore, a Stackelberg game is formulated by adding a surveillance radar to the system model, which will play the role of the leader, and thus the remaining radars will be the followers. For each one of these games, a proof of the existence and uniqueness of the solution is presented. In the aforementioned game theoretic applications, the radars are considered to know the exact radar cross section (RCS) parameters of the targets and thus the exact channel gains of all players, which may not be feasible in a real system. Therefore, in the last part of this thesis, uncertainty regarding the channel gains among the radars and the targets is introduced, which originates from the RCS fluctuations of the targets. Bayesian game theory provides a framework to address such problems of incomplete information. Hence, a Bayesian game is proposed, where each radar egotistically maximizes its SINR, under a predefined power constraint

    Beamforming Design for the Distributed RISs-aided THz Communications with Double-Layer True Time Delays

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    In this paper, we investigate the reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided terahertz (THz) communication system with the sparse radio frequency chains antenna structure at the base station (BS). To overcome the beam split of the BS, different from the conventional single-layer true-time-delay (TTD) scheme, we propose a double-layer TTD scheme that can effectively reduce the number of large-range delay devices, which involve additional insertion loss and amplification circuitry. Next, we analyze the system performance under the proposed double-layer TTD scheme. To relieve the beam split of the RIS, we consider multiple distributed RISs to replace an ultra-large size RIS. Based on this, we formulate an achievable rate maximization problem for the distributed RISs-aided THz communications via jointly optimizing the hybrid analog/digital beamforming, time delays of the double-layer TTD network and reflection coefficients of RISs. Considering the practical hardware limitation, the finite-resolution phase shift, time delay and reflection phase are constrained. To solve the formulated problem, we first design an analog beamforming scheme including optimizing phase shift and time delay based on the RISs' locations. Then, an alternatively optimization algorithm is proposed to obtain the digital beamforming and reflection coefficients based on the minimum mean square error and coordinate update techniques. Finally, simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme

    Estimation of Radio Channel Parameters

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    Kurzfassung Diese Dissertation behandelt die SchĂ€tzung der Modellparameter einer Momentanaufnahme des Mobilfunkkanals. Das besondere Augenmerk liegt zum einen auf der Entwicklung eines generischen Datenmodells fĂŒr den gemessenen Funkkanal, welches fĂŒr die hochauflösende ParameterschĂ€tzung geeignet ist. Der zweite Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung eines robusten ParameterschĂ€tzers fĂŒr die Bestimmung der Parameter des entworfenen Modells aus Funkkanalmessdaten. Entsprechend dieser logischen Abfolge ist auch der Aufbau dieser Arbeit. Im ersten Teil wird ausgehend von einem aus der Literatur bekannten strahlenoptischen Modell eine algebraisch handhabbare Darstellung von beobachteten Wellenausbreitungspfaden entwickelt. Das mathematische Modell erlaubt die Beschreibung von SISO (single-input-single-output)- Übertragungssystemen, also von Systemen mit einer Sendeantenne und einer Empfangsantenne, als auch die Beschreibung von solchen Systemen mit mehreren Sende- und/oder Empfangsantennen. Diese Systeme werden im Allgemeinen auch als SIMO- (single-input-multiple-output), MISO- (multiple-input-single-output) oder MIMO-Systeme (multiple-input-multiple-output) bezeichnet. Im Gegensatz zu bekannten Konzepten enthĂ€lt das entwickelte Modell keine Restriktionen bezĂŒglich der modellierbaren Antennenarrayarchitekturen. Dies ist besonders wichtig in Hinblick auf die möglichst vollstĂ€ndige Erfassung der rĂ€umlichen Struktur des Funkkanals. Die FlexibilitĂ€t des Modells ist eine Grundvoraussetzung fĂŒr die optimale Anpassung der Antennenstruktur an die Messaufgabe. Eine solche angepasste Antennenarraystruktur ist zum Beispiel eine zylindrische Anordnung von Antennenelementen. Sie ist gut geeignet fĂŒr die Erfassung der rĂ€umlichen Struktur des Funkkanals (Azimut und Elevation) in so genannten Outdoor- Funkszenarien. Weiterhin wird im ersten Teil eine neue Komponente des Funkkanaldatenmodells eingefĂŒhrt, welche den Beitrag verteilter (diffuser) Streuungen zur FunkĂŒbertragung beschreibt. Die neue Modellkomponente spielt eine SchlĂŒsselrolle bei der Entwicklung eines robusten ParameterschĂ€tzers im Hauptteil dieser Arbeit. Die fehlende Modellierung der verteilten Streuungen ist eine der Hauptursachen fĂŒr die begrenzte Anwendbarkeit und die oft kritisierte fehlende Robustheit von hochauflösenden FunkkanalparameterschĂ€tzern, die in der Literatur etabliert sind. Das neue Datenmodell beschreibt die so genannten dominanten Ausbreitungspfade durch eine deterministische Abbildung der Pfadparameter auf den gemessenen Funkkanal. Der Beitrag der verteilten Streuungen wird mit Hilfe eines zirkularen mittelwertfreien Gaußschen Prozesses beschrieben. Die Modellparameter der verteilten Streuungen beschreiben dabei die Kovarianzmatrix dieses Prozesses. Basierend auf dem entwickelten Datenmodell wird im Anschluss kurz ĂŒber aktuelle Konzepte fĂŒr FunkkanalmessgerĂ€te, so genannte Channel-Sounder, diskutiert. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit werden in erster Linie AusdrĂŒcke zur Bestimmung der erzielbaren Messgenauigkeit eines Channel-Sounders abgeleitet. Zu diesem Zweck wird die untere Schranke fĂŒr die Varianz der geschĂ€tzten Modellparameter, das heißt der Messwerte, bestimmt. Als Grundlage fĂŒr die VarianzabschĂ€tzung wird das aus der ParameterschĂ€tztheorie bekannte Konzept der CramĂ©r-Rao-Schranke angewandt. Im Rahmen der Ableitung der CramĂ©r-Rao-Schranke werden außerdem wichtige Gesichtspunkte fĂŒr die Entwicklung eines effizienten ParameterschĂ€tzers diskutiert. Im dritten Teil der Arbeit wird ein SchĂ€tzer fĂŒr die Bestimmung der Ausbreitungspfadparameter nach dem Maximum-Likelihood-Prinzip entworfen. Nach einer kurzen Übersicht ĂŒber existierende Konzepte zur hochauflösenden FunkkanalparameterschĂ€tzung wird die vorliegende SchĂ€tzaufgabe analysiert und in Hinsicht ihres Typs klassifiziert. Unter der Voraussetzung, dass die Parameter der verteilten Streuungen bekannt sind, lĂ€sst sich zeigen, daß sich die SchĂ€tzung der Parameter der Ausbreitungspfade als ein nichtlineares gewichtetes kleinstes Fehlerquadratproblem auffassen lĂ€sst. Basierend auf dieser Erkenntnis wird ein generischer Algorithmus zur Bestimmung einer globalen Startlösung fĂŒr die Parameter eines Ausbreitungspfades vorgeschlagen. Hierbei wird von dem Konzept der Structure-Least-Squares (SLS)-Probleme Gebrauch gemacht, um die KomplexitĂ€t des SchĂ€tzproblems zu reduzieren. Im folgenden Teil dieses Abschnitts wird basierend auf aus der Literatur bekannten robusten numerischen Algorithmen ein SchĂ€tzer zur genauen Bestimmung der Ausbreitungspfadparameter abgeleitet. Im letzten Teil dieses Abschnitts wird die Anwendung unterraumbasierter SchĂ€tzer zur Bestimmung der Ausbreitungspfadparameter diskutiert. Es wird ein speichereffizienter Algorithmus zur SignalraumschĂ€tzung entwickelt. Dieser Algorithmus ist eine Grundvoraussetzung fĂŒr die Anwendung von mehrdimensionalen ParameterschĂ€tzern wie zum Beispiel des R-D unitary ESPRIT (Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques) zur Bestimmung von Funkkanalparametern aus MIMO-Funkkanalmessungen. Traditionelle Verfahren zur SignalraumschĂ€tzung sind hier im Allgemeinen nicht anwendbar, da sie einen zu großen Speicheraufwand erfordern. Außerdem wird in diesem Teil gezeigt, dass ESPRIT-Algorithmen auch zur ParameterschĂ€tzung von Daten mit so genannter versteckter Rotations-Invarianzstruktur eingesetzt werden können. Als Beispiel wird ein ESPRIT-basierter Algorithmus zur RichtungsschĂ€tzung in Verbindung mit multibeam-Antennenarrays (CUBA) abgeleitet. Im letzten Teil dieser Arbeit wird ein Maximum-Likelihood-SchĂ€tzer fĂŒr die neue Komponente des Funkkanals, welche die verteilten Streuungen beschreibt, entworfen. Ausgehend vom Konzept des iterativen Maximum-Likelihood-SchĂ€tzers wird ein Algorithmus entwickelt, der hinreichend geringe numerische KomplexitĂ€t besitzt, so dass er praktisch anwendbar ist. In erster Linie wird dabei von der Toeplitzstruktur der zu schĂ€tzenden Kovarianzmatrix Gebrauch gemacht. Aufbauend auf dem SchĂ€tzer fĂŒr die Parameter der Ausbreitungspfade und dem SchĂ€tzer fĂŒr die Parameter der verteilten Streuungen wird ein Maximum-Likelihood-SchĂ€tzer entwickelt (RIMAX), der alle Parameter des in Teil I entwickelten Modells der Funkanalmessung im Verbund schĂ€tzt. Neben den geschĂ€tzten Parametern des Datenmodells liefert der SchĂ€tzer zusĂ€tzlich ZuverlĂ€ssigkeitsinformationen. Diese werden unter anderem zur Bestimmung der Modellordnung, das heißt zur Bestimmung der Anzahl der dominanten Ausbreitungspfade, herangezogen. Außerdem stellen die ZuverlĂ€ssigkeitsinformationen aber auch ein wichtiges SchĂ€tzergebnis dar. Die ZuverlĂ€ssigkeitsinformationen machen die weitere Verarbeitung und Wertung der Messergebnisse möglich.The theme of this thesis is the estimation of model parameters of a radio channel snapshot. The main focus was the development of a general data model for the measured radio channel, suitable for both high resolution channel parameter estimation on the one hand, and the development of a robust parameter estimator for the parameters of the designed parametric radio channel model, in line with this logical work flow is this thesis. In the first part of this work an algebraic representation of observed propagation paths is developed using a ray-optical model known from literature. The algebraic framework is suitable for the description of SISO (single-input-single-output) radio transmission systems. A SISO system uses one antenna as the transmitter (Tx) and one antenna as the receiver (Rx). The derived expression for the propagation paths is also suitable to describe SIMO (single-input-multiple-output), MISO (multiple-input-single-output), and MIMO (multiple-input-multiple-output) radio channel measurements. In contrast to other models used for high resolution channel parameter estimation the derived model makes no restriction regarding the structure of the antenna array used throughout the measurement. This is important since the ultimate goal in radio channel sounding is the complete description of the spatial (angular) structure of the radio channel at Tx and Rx. The flexibility of the data model is a prerequisite for the optimisation of the antenna array structure with respect to the measurement task. Such an optimised antenna structure is a stacked uniform circular beam array, i.e., a cylindrical arrangement of antenna elements. This antenna array configuration is well suited for the measurement of the spatial structure of the radio channel at Tx and/or Rx in outdoor-scenarios. Furthermore, a new component of the radio channel model is introduced in the first part of this work. It describes the contribution of distributed (diffuse) scattering to the radio transmission. The new component is key for the development of a robust radio channel parameter estimator, which is derived in the main part of this work. The ignorance of the contribution of distributed scattering to radio propagation is one of the main reasons why high-resolution radio channel parameter estimators fail in practice. Since the underlying data model is wrong the estimators produce erroneous results. The improved model describes the so called dominant propagation paths by a deterministic mapping of the propagation path parameters to the channel observation. The contribution of the distributed scattering is modelled as a zero-mean circular Gaussian process. The parameters of the distributed scattering process determine the structure of the covariance matrix of this process. Based on this data model current concepts for radio channel sounding devices are discussed. In the second part of this work expressions for the accuracy achievable by a radio channel sounder are derived. To this end the lower bound on the variance of the measurements i.e. the parameter estimates is derived. As a basis for this evaluation the concept of the CramĂ©r-Rao lower bound is employed. On the way to the CramĂ©r-Rao lower bound for all channel model parameters, important issues for the development of an appropriate parameter estimator are discussed. Among other things the coupling of model parameters is also discussed. In the third part of this thesis, an estimator, for the propagation path parameters is derived. For the estimator the 'maximum-likelihood' approach is employed. After a short overview of existing high-resolution channel parameter estimators the estimation problem is classified. It is shown, that the estimation of the parameters of the propagation paths can be understood as a nonlinear weighted least squares problem, provided the parameters of the distributed scattering process are known. Based on this observation a general algorithm for the estimation of raw parameters for the observed propagation paths is developed. The algorithm uses the concept of structured-least-squares (SLS) and compressed maximum likelihood to reduce the numerical complexity of the estimation problem. A robust estimator for the precise estimation of the propagation path parameters is derived. The estimator is based on concepts well known from nonlinear local optimisation theory. In the last part of this chapter the application of subspace based parameter estimation algorithms for path parameter estimation is discussed. A memory efficient estimator for the signal subspace needed by, e.g., R-D unitary ESPRIT is derived. This algorithm is a prerequisite for the application of signal subspace based algorithms to MIMO-channel sounding measurements. Standard algorithms for signal subspace estimation (economy size SVD, singular value decomposition) are not suitable since they require an amount of memory which is too large. Furthermore, it is shown that ESPRIT (Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques) based algorithms can also be employed for parameter estimation from data having hidden rotation invariance structure. As an example an ESPRIT algorithm for angle estimation using circular uniform beam arrays (circular multi-beam antennas) is derived. In the final part of this work a maximum likelihood estimator for the new component of the channel model is developed. Starting with the concept of iterative maximum likelihood estimation, an algorithm is developed having a low computational complexity. The low complexity of the algorithm is achieved by exploiting the Toeplitz-structure of the covariance matrix to estimate. Using the estimator for the (concentrated, dominant, specular-alike) propagation paths and the parametric estimator for the covariance matrix of the process describing the distributed diffuse scattering a joint estimator for all channel parameter is derived (RIMAX). The estimator is a 'maximum likelihood' estimator and uses the genuine SAGE concept to reduce the computational complexity. The estimator provides additional information about the reliability of the estimated channel parameters. This reliability information is used to determine an appropriate model for the observation. Furthermore, the reliability information i.e. the estimate of the covariance matrix of all parameter estimates is also an important parameter estimation result. This information is a prerequisite for further processing and evaluation of the measured channel parameters
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