IoT–smart contracts in data trusted exchange supplied chain based on block chain

Internet of Things (IoT) assumes a critical part in the advancement of different fields. The IoT data trusted exchange in recent year extend of uses influence an awesome request and increasing scale. In such a platform, exchange the data sets that they require and specialist organization can search. However, the enough trust as the third-party mediators for data exchange in centralized infrastructure cannot provide. This paper proposes a blockchain for IoT data trusted exchange based on decentralized solution. In particular, the fundamental standards of blockchain in verify manner, individuals can communicate with each other without a confided in mediator intermediary. Blockchain enable us to have a distributed, digital ledger. IoT (Internet of Things) sensor devices (zigbee) utilizing blockchain technology to assert public availability of temperature records, tracking location shipment, humidity, preventing damage, data immutability. The sensor devices looking the temperature, location, damage of each parcel during the shipment to completely guarantee directions. In blockchain all data is got moved from one position to another, where a smart contract assesses against the product attributes. Ethereum blockchain and smart contracts atlast it gets through knowledge a design to be copied and presents its decentralized distributed digital ledger, auditable, transparent, features visually

A Case Study of Sweden

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제협력전공), 2021.8. 김태균.To ensure SDGs pledge “Leave no one behind”, the network of all related stakeholders and their cooperation in international development is crucial. As civil society's role in sustainable peace emerged in accordance with the ‘Accra Agenda for Action’ in 2008, the international community began to focus its attention on them in earnest. Civil society has been regarded as an actor with the potential to exert meaningful influence on poverty reduction, social welfare, and, above all, democratization. It also has the advantage of cost-effective access to the marginalized classes or sectors in the field over the government. The global society predicts that a more effective aid delivery system will be formed by utilizing such strengths of civil society. However, expected outcomes have not been seen in reality due to civil society's chronic limitations. One of the limitations is its unstable financial status which leads to high independence to the government (aid agency) support. There are voices concerning that civil society’s high dependence on government funding might harm their natural role. Another limitation is their explicitly undefined accountability. This has led to their role being subordinated to the government and dedicated as a policy tool. This thesis begins with the question of why the autonomy of donor country-based civil society organizations is weakening when they are more supported by the government, examines the dilemma they face, and explains how win-win strategies provided by the analytical framework are actually implemented in the case of Sweden, where it has an amicable relationship with civil society. Suiting the character of a highly moral civil society organization, this thesis uses a reinterpreted rational choice theory as an analytical framework that provides solutions to the limitations with a win-win strategy both for the government and civil society. Sweden supports a significant amount of funds to its own CSOs according to its national strategy – strengthening civil society in developing countries and promoting an enabling environment for them. Under the name of ‘strategic partner organization’, it is found that there is a strong commitment between Sida and Swedish CSOs but weak outcomes. Moreover, it is found that a strong national policy could affect negatively to CSOs’ autonomy. In other words, the government and civil society organizations' pursuit of common goals can be interpreted on one hand as overcoming chronic limitations by receiving fixed and stable support from the government and on the other hand replacing the government's role as civil society organizations losing their identity.SDGs의 기본정신인 ‘누구도 소외되지 않는 세상’을 위해 국제개발분야의 이해관계자들 간 네트워크와 협력은 중요하다. 2008년 아크라 행동강령에 따라 지속 가능한 평화를 위해 시민사회의 역할이 대두되면서 국제사회에서 이들에 대한 관심이 본격적으로 집중되기 시작했다. 시민사회는 국가의 빈곤감소, 사회복지, 무엇보다 민주화를 위한 의미 있는 영향력을 행사할 수 있는 잠재성을 지닌 행위자로 평가되어 왔다. 또한 정부보다 현장에서 소외된 계층 또는 분야에 비용 효과적으로 접근할 수 있다는 장점을 가지고 있다. 국제사회는 이러한 시민사회의 강점을 활용하여 보다 효과적인 원조 전달 체계가 형성될 것이라 전망한다. 그러나 현실에서는 시민사회가 가진 고질적 한계들로 인해 기대한 효과를 보지 못하고 있다. 대표적으로 시민사회의 불안정한 재정상태로 인한 정부 지원에 대한 높은 의존도이다. 정부 지원에 대한 높은 의존도는 이들이 갖는 본연의 역할을 해친다는 우려의 목소리가 있다. 또 다른 한계로는 시민사회단체의 책무가 명확하게 정의되지 못한 점이다. 이로 인한 본연의 역할을 지키지 못한 것에서 나아가 이들의 역할이 정부에 종속되어 정책적 도구로 사용되는 상황을 마주하게 되었다. 본 논문은 공여국 시민사회단체는 왜 정부의 지원을 받을수록 자율성이 약해지는가에 대한 물음에서 시작하여 이들이 겪는 딜레마를 살펴보고 분석틀이 제공한 윈-윈 전략이 실제 어떻게 구현되는지 역사적으로 시민사회와 원만한 관계를 유지하고 있는 스웨덴 사례를 통해 설명한다. 기존 합리적 선택 이론을 도덕성이 강한 시민사회단체 성격에 맞게 다시 해석한 본 논문의 분석틀은 앞서 언급된 한계들에 대한 해결방안을 제공하여 정부와 시민사회에게 윈-윈 전략을 소개한다. 스웨덴 정부는 ‘개발도상국 시민사회활성화’라는 목표를 두고 있어 다른 OECD DAC 국가들과 비교했을 때 상대적으로 자국 시민사회단체에 대한 지원양이 상당하다. ‘전략적 파트너 기관 (SPO)’이라는 명칭의 협의체는 스웨덴 대표 원조기관인 Sida와 계약을 맺은 자국 시민사회단체들로 구성되어 있다. 분석 결과 스웨덴은 Sida와 자국 시민사회단체 간 분석틀에서 언급한 commitment가 강한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 이는 도덕적 책무(moral accountability)에 기반한 것이 아닌 계약적 책무 (contractual accountability)에 따른 결과로 공여자인 Sida에 대한 책무(upward accountability)로 이해할 수 있다. 또한 그에 대한 결과도 효과적이 않았다. Sida의 강력한 자원 통제 아래 자주적인 활동에 제약을 받고 있었으며 이중 주인-대리인 관계의 형성으로 실질적 수혜자들에게 원조가 전달되기까지 상당한 시간과 절차가 필요했다. 이와 같이 정부와 같은 목표를 두어 지원을 많이 받아 다양한 활동이 이루어질 것이라 예상했으나 공동의 목표를 공유할지라도 자율성에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 사실이 발견되었다. 즉, 정부와 시민사회단체가 공동의 목표를 추구하는 것은 시민사회단체가 고정적이고 안정적인 지원을 받을 수 있어 고질적 한계를 극복함과 동시에 정부의 역할을 대신하는 것으로 해석된다.List of Abbreviations, Figures, and Tables 5 Ⅰ. Introduction 8 1.1. Background 8 1.2. Research Purpose 12 1.3. Research Methodology 13 Ⅱ. Literature review 17 2.1. Historical background of State-CSOs relationship 17 2.2. Principal-agent model 26 2.3. Rational choice theory 28 2.4. CSO Accountability 30 Ⅲ. Analytical framework 34 3.1. Comprehensive rational choice-based model 34 3.2. One-sided social dilemma 35 Ⅳ. Case of Sweden 43 4.1. Sweden and Civil Society 43 4.2. Policies and Features 46 4.3. Support to CSOs 48 Ⅴ. Analysis and Findings 60 5.1. Strong Commitment 62 5.2. Weak Outcomes 64 Ⅵ. Conclusion 70 Bibliography 74 국문 초록 83석

Brother, Can You Spare a Dollar? Designing an Effective Framework for Foreign Currency Liquidity Assistance

The core principles of financial crisis management call upon central banks to lend freely, against good quality collateral, and at a penalty rate of interest, to solvent but illiquid banks and other financial institutions during periods of widespread panic and instability. While often taken for granted, these principles were designed for a world in which central banks have the capacity to create money denominated in the same currency as the one in which domestic banks and other financial institutions issue deposits and other short-term liabilities. Unfortunately, this is not the world in which we live. The application of these principles is far from straightforward in a world where financial institutions rely on short-term foreign currency liabilities as a source of financing. This is the world of the Eurodollar market. The global financial crisis vividly illustrated the potential systemic risks arising from the existence of a large Eurodollar market. Faced with a systemic foreign currency liquidity crisis, central banks struggled to secure access to the foreign currency reserves needed to provide emergency liquidity assistance to their domestic banking systems. In response, the U.S. Federal Reserve and other major central banks established a network of swap lines designed to provide foreign currency liquidity assistance to the international financial system. The central bank swap lines have been hailed as one of the most important and effective policy responses to the financial crisis. However, while it may be tempting to view them as an effective prophylactic against future foreign currency liquidity crises, the current structure of the swap lines fails to establish truly credible international commitments or constrain the moral hazard problems stemming from this ambitious state sponsored liquidity insurance. This Article examines the unique policy challenges posed by foreign currency liquidity problems, along with how to build a more effective framework for the provision of foreign currency liquidity assistance

How Kano’s Performance Mediates Perceived SERVQUAL Impact on Kansei

Through Kansei Engineering (KE) methodology in services, the perceived service quality shows a direct impact on Kansei response. In order to strengthen the KE methodology, Kano model is embedded considering the attractive [A] and one-dimensional [O] performances. However, to what extent the Kano performance brings significant impact on Kansei is questionable and has not been explored yet. It is beneficial to measure the effort spent to improve a certain service attribute, considering the Kano performance and its impact on Kansei. This study on logistics services confirms that the Kano’s attractive category [A] shows the highest impact on Kansei (with loading of 0.502), followed by one-dimensional [O] and must-be [M] ones (with loadings of 0.514 and 0.507), respectively. The service provider should prioritize Kano’s [A] service attributes first for improvement. Keywords - Kano, logistics services, Kansei, SERVQUA

Developing securitization-enabling financial infrastructure in emerging markets: a case-study of Zimbabwe

This legal study identifies through a case-study of Zimbabwe the range of essential legal reforms an emerging market should implement to establish financial infrastructure that enables the structuring of securitization transactions and the prevention and management of risks – such as those highlighted by the 2007 global financial crisis – that can arise from securitization transactions. The study analyses: (i) laws regulating or relating to prudentially regulated firms that typically use securitization to refinance; (ii) corporate and trust laws to identify legal structures which can be utilised as securitization special purpose vehicles; (iii) the Roman-Dutch law of sale to determine whether it permits the true-sale of financial assets; (iv) various legal risks, including substantive-consolidation, veil-piercing, foreclosure, insolvency and tax risks; (v) the dispute resolution framework; and (vi) the structured finance risk mitigation properties of Zimbabwe‘s financial market regulatory framework. The study concludes that Zimbabwe‘s legal system permits most of the contractual arrangements that constitute a basic securitization transaction. However, its financial services regulatory and gatekeeping framework - which must be reformed - is rudimentary and ill-suited to preventing and managing systemic risks that can arise from securitization. This is the first comprehensive academic study which investigates the extent to which the Roman-Dutch legal system enables the various contractual arrangements that constitute a securitization transaction. It also presents an analytical model for reviewing the securitization-enabling characteristics of emerging markets‘ legal systems and the securitization risk mitigation properties of their financial infrastructures

Exploring Legal, Regulatory and Shari‘ah Compliance Issues in Islamic Financial Instruments: Derivatives and Sukuk

In general derivatives, futures, options and swaps are considered against the principles of shari‘ah for various reasons, such as the absence of asset-backed deals, dealing in prohibited transaction of debt, presence of element of gharar (uncertainty), gambling, absence or non-existence of subject matter, Short-Selling, sale of subject-matter without prior acquiring of possession or constructive possession, ghabn (market price manipulation), ‘ina (sale and buy-back), tawarruq (multiple buy-back sales involving no actual asset transfer), amongst others. In the recent past there have been attempts to find and explore Islamic hedging products having same functions as that of derivatives having link with real economy growth. Financial transactions either linked with economic activities or they are pure financial instruments known as ‘synthetic’ transactions having no contribution to the real economy. Due to Muslim investors’ demand and excess saving due to oil wealth in the Gulf Cooperation Council, there is a demand for Islamic financial transactions. Therefore, derivatives in compliance with shari‘ah principles were developed. Sukuk are fine and popular example of such financial products and emerged as a strong substitute to conventional derivative products. Sukuk are considered shari‘ah compliant but at the same time ethical and hence fits into the requirements of financial products to overcome the adverse effects of the financial crisis. This research, hence, explores and analyses sukuk as an Islamic securitization product. In addition, this research also investigates whether or not sukuk meet the standards and criteria of conventional securitization structures in order to safeguard the interests of different parties involved in it and the public at large. Furthermore, this research examines sukuk structures whereby it identifies further shari‘ah and ethical underlying principles for further product development, design under shari‘ah. In responding to the research aims, this research attempted to peruse through original sources of both shari‘ah and English Common law on sukuk and the application of wa‘ad (undertaking) particularly in the context of sukuk and derivatives. While discussing the identified research aims in terms of determining the key legal, regulatory and shari‘ah compliance issues in the development of sukuk, the focus remained on the United Kingdom (UK), which attempts to become one of the leading centers of Islamic finance. After foundational and exploratory research, this study concludes and answered the research questions that: (i) sukuk are based on shari‘ah principles; (ii), derivatives are allowed under shari‘ah; (iii) sukuk as Islamic derivative instruments are as efficient as that of conventional derivative products and apply the similar securitization principles; (iv) wa‘ad has the same authority as that of ‘aqd (contract) and can be compared with ‘promise’ and ‘promissory estoppel’ in Common law; (v) use of wa‘ad in equity-based sukuk is against the shari‘ah; (vi) usage of wa‘ad in derivatives like Foreign Currency Forward Options, Total Return Swaps and Short-Selling is inappropriate, and (vii) UK is an attractive country for promotion and growth of sukuk. For this purpose the results of the sub-research questions were: (a) UK has sufficient legislative and regulative infrastructure to entertain shari‘ah compliant products such as sukuk in the future (b) UK so far is impartial in the debate on shari‘ah compliance approval process of products (c) there is confusion about whether sukuk are categorised as debt instruments or Collective Investment Schemes. This study came with an extensive research and analysed growth of sukuk and its structures in UK with legislative and regulatory developments and concludes UK is a place where development of sukuk is phenomenal for the strategic significance of London Stock Exchange in the global market. Though not many sukuk are being issued in UK but it is a place where most of the sukuk are listed

Extended producer responsibility for lamps in Nordic countries: best practices and challenges in closing material loops

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) schemes are adopted not only to promote collection and recycling of waste products but also to close material loops and incentivise ecodesign. These outcomes are also part of creating a more circular economy. Evaluations of best practices can inform how to further optimise systems towards more ambitious collection, recycling and recovery of both hazardous and critical materials. Gas discharge lamps in particular are a key product category in this regard, considering both the presence of mercury and of rare earth materials in this waste stream. Nordic countries in particular are known for advanced collection and recycling systems and this article compares the EPR systems for gas discharge lamps. The EPR systems for lamps are evaluated using theory-based evaluation approaches to analyse both the performance of lamp EPR systems and challenges perceived by key stakeholders. The cases were constructed based on primary and secondary literature, statistical data, and interviews with stakeholders. The findings indicate that the collection and recycling performance is generally still high for gas discharge lamps in the Nordic countries, despite some differences in approach and structure of the EPR systems, but there remain opportunities for further improvement. In terms of EPR goals, there is evidence of improved waste management of these products as a result of the systems; however, there also remain significant challenges, particularly in terms of ecodesign incentives. The key factors for best practice are discussed, including aspects of the rule base, infrastructure, and operations. The particular characteristics of this waste category, including the rapidly changing technology, also pose challenges for EPR systems in the future

Sustainable Smart Cities and Smart Villages Research

ca. 200 words; this text will present the book in all promotional forms (e.g. flyers). Please describe the book in straightforward and consumer-friendly terms. [There is ever more research on smart cities and new interdisciplinary approaches proposed on the study of smart cities. At the same time, problems pertinent to communities inhabiting rural areas are being addressed, as part of discussions in contigious fields of research, be it environmental studies, sociology, or agriculture. Even if rural areas and countryside communities have previously been a subject of concern for robust policy frameworks, such as the European Union’s Cohesion Policy and Common Agricultural Policy Arguably, the concept of ‘the village’ has been largely absent in the debate. As a result, when advances in sophisticated information and communication technology (ICT) led to the emergence of a rich body of research on smart cities, the application and usability of ICT in the context of a village has remained underdiscussed in the literature. Against this backdrop, this volume delivers on four objectives. It delineates the conceptual boundaries of the concept of ‘smart village’. It highlights in which ways ‘smart village’ is distinct from ‘smart city’. It examines in which ways smart cities research can enrich smart villages research. It sheds light on the smart village research agenda as it unfolds in European and global contexts.

International Dimensions of Japanese Insolvency Law

This paper offers an introduction and overview of the international aspects of Japanese insolvency law. There are three international dimensions to Japan's insolvency law: jurisdiction of Japanese courts; the status of foreign claimants; and recognition and enforcement of foreign proceedings. These dimensions are characterized by a distinctly territorial approach. This inward-looking way of handling insolvency cases is incongruous with developments in the comparative and international law context. It is also at odds with broader globalization trends, some of which are evident in Japan's economic crisis. Analogies to international trade law are useful: the post-Uruguay Round dispute resolution mechanism has insights for the problem of jurisdiction; the famous national treatment principle is a basis for critiquing the status foreign claimants have in Japanese insolvency proceedings; and trade negotiations might be a model for expanding recognition and enforcement of foreign proceedings. As a corollary, the relationship between the extant insolvency regime and Japanese banks?many of which are internationally active?is explored. Problem banks are at the heart of the economic crisis. Yet, the insolvency law regime has not been applied to failed or failing banks, partly on grounds of the systemic risk that would be triggered by a stay of creditor proceedings. The reluctance to use the regime in bank cases is open to question on a number of grounds. Similarly, the failure to develop a harmonized set of international bank bankruptcy rules to avoid BCCI-type liquidation problems is addressed, and a proposal for proceeding in this direction is offered.